Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India; Department of Physics, Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata 700017, India.
Department of Community Medicine, Medical College, Kolkata 700073, India.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2018 Jul 5;200:33-42. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.04.005. Epub 2018 Apr 9.
Pathological calcification in human urinary tract (kidney stones) is a common problem affecting an increasing number of people around the world. Analysis of such minerals or compounds is of fundamental importance for understanding their etiology and for the development of prophylactic measures. In the present study, structural characterization, phase quantification and morphological behaviour of thirty three (33) human kidney stones from eastern India have been carried out using IR spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Quantitative phase composition of kidney stones has been analyzed following the Rietveld method. Based on the quantitative estimates of constituent phases, the calculi samples have been classified into oxalate (OX), uric acid (UA), phosphate (PH) and mixed (MX) groups. Rietveld analysis of PXRD patterns showed that twelve (36%) of the renal calculi were composed exclusively of whewellite (calcium oxalate monohydrate, COM). The remaining twenty one (64%) stones were mixture of phases with oxalate as the major constituent in fourteen (67%) of these stones. The average crystallite size of whewellite in oxalate stones, as determined from the PXRD analysis, varies between 93 (1) nm and 202 (3) nm, whereas the corresponding sizes for the uric acid and struvite crystallites in UA and PH stones are 79 (1)-155 (4) nm and 69 (1)-123(1) nm, respectively. The size of hydroxyapatite crystallites, 10 (1)-21 (1) nm, is smaller by about one order of magnitude compared to other minerals in the kidney stones. A statistical analysis using fifty (50) kidney stones (33 calculi from the present study and 17 calculi reported earlier from our laboratory) revealed that the oxalate group (whewellite, weddellite or mixture of whewellite and weddellite as the major constituent) is the most prevalent (82%) kidney stone type in eastern India.
人体尿路（肾结石）中的病理性钙化是一个日益普遍的问题，影响着全球越来越多的人群。分析这些矿物质或化合物对于了解其病因以及制定预防措施至关重要。在本研究中，我们使用红外光谱（FT-IR）、粉末 X 射线衍射（PXRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对来自印度东部的 33 个人类肾结石进行了结构特征、相定量和形态学行为的分析。采用 Rietveld 法对肾结石的定量相组成进行了分析。根据各组成相的定量估算，结石样本被分为草酸钙（OX）、尿酸（UA）、磷酸盐（PH）和混合（MX）组。PXRD 图谱的 Rietveld 分析表明，有 12 个（36%）肾结石仅由水合草酸钙（一水合草酸钙，COM）组成。其余 21 个（64%）结石为多相混合物，其中草酸钙为主要成分的结石有 14 个（67%）。从 PXRD 分析中确定，草酸钙结石中水合草酸钙的平均晶粒尺寸在 93（1）nm 到 202（3）nm 之间，而 UA 和 PH 结石中尿酸和鸟粪石的相应晶粒尺寸分别为 79（1）-155（4）nm 和 69（1）-123（1）nm。羟磷灰石的晶粒尺寸为 10（1）-21（1）nm，与肾结石中的其他矿物质相比小了约一个数量级。对 50 个（33 个来自本研究，17 个来自我们实验室之前的研究）肾结石进行的统计分析表明，草酸钙组（以水合草酸钙、水合草酸钙或水合草酸钙和水合草酸钙的混合物为主要成分）是印度东部最常见（82%）的肾结石类型。
