Pallante Virginia, Stanyon Roscoe, Palagi Elisabetta
Anthropology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy.
Natural History Museum, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Aggress Behav. 2018 Jul;44(4):406-415. doi: 10.1002/ab.21761. Epub 2018 Apr 17.
Peaceful third-party interventions usually occur after an aggressive encounter and can be directed toward the victim or the aggressor. Macaca tonkeana, a cercopithecine species characterized by high levels of tolerance, frequently engage in consolatory contacts, which both calm the victim and reduce the probability of further attacks against him/her. Other post-conflict affiliative interventions such as reconciliation and quadratic affiliation are also common in this species. However, little attention has been given to contacts directed toward the aggressor. Here, we explore the role of bystander affiliative interventions toward the aggressor in influencing the affective state of the aggressor and the consequences of triadic interventions at group level. We found that triadic post-conflict affiliation occurred independently from the intensity of the conflict and that it was more frequent in absence of the conciliatory contact between the opponents (reconciliation). Bystanders showed a higher amount of post-conflict affiliation toward low ranking aggressors. Post-conflict triadic affiliation functioned as a tension reduction mechanism by lowering the arousal of the aggressor, which less frequently engaged in renewed aggression. All these findings suggest that post-conflict triadic contacts in Tonkean macaques can be considered as a strategic mechanism to calm the aggressor and reduce the risk of retaliatory aggression.
平和的第三方干预通常发生在攻击性冲突之后，且可以针对受害者或攻击者。黑冠猕猴是一种以高度容忍为特征的猕猴物种，经常进行安慰性接触，这既能安抚受害者，又能降低对其进一步攻击的可能性。其他冲突后的亲和干预，如和解和二次亲和，在该物种中也很常见。然而，针对攻击者的接触却很少受到关注。在这里，我们探讨旁观者对攻击者的亲和干预在影响攻击者情感状态以及群体层面三元干预后果方面的作用。我们发现，冲突后的三元亲和独立于冲突强度发生，并且在对手之间没有和解性接触（和解）的情况下更频繁出现。旁观者对低等级攻击者表现出更高程度的冲突后亲和。冲突后的三元亲和通过降低攻击者的唤醒水平发挥了缓解紧张的机制作用，攻击者再次发起攻击的频率降低。所有这些发现表明，黑冠猕猴冲突后的三元接触可被视为一种安抚攻击者并降低报复性攻击风险的策略机制。
