Jahic Dzenan, Begic Edin
Orthopaedics and Traumatology Clinic, University Clinical Center Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Mater Sociomed. 2018 Mar;30(1):67-69. doi: 10.5455/msm.2018.30.67-69.
Exercise-associated muscle cramp (EAMC) is one of the most common conditions that occur during or immediately after the exercise, with questionable etiology.
Aim of article was to present doubts about the cause of EAMC, whether it is primarily a neurological condition or it is water and salt imbalance.
Strongest evidence supports the neuromuscular aetiology with the focus on the muscle fatigue. Muscle overload and fatigue affects the balance between the excitatory drive from muscle spindles and the inhibitory drive from the Golgi tendon organs (GTO). This results in a localized muscle cramp. Since the dehydration and electrolyte depletion are systemic abnormalities, it is not clear how these changes would result in local symptoms such as cramping of the working muscle groups.
"Triad" of causes might be behind the etiology of EAMC, although the "altered neuromuscular control" theory with the "dehydration" theory is the most cogent descriptive model that explains the origin of EAMC. Treatment and prevention strategies for EAMC include: electrical cramp induction, kinesio taping and compression garments, massage therapy, electrolyte supplementation and hydration, corrective exercise, stretching, quinine, pickle juice, hyperventilation strategies.
运动相关性肌肉痉挛（EAMC）是运动期间或运动后立即出现的最常见病症之一，其病因存在争议。
本文旨在对EAMC的病因提出质疑，即它主要是一种神经病症还是水盐失衡。
最有力的证据支持以肌肉疲劳为重点的神经肌肉病因学。肌肉过载和疲劳会影响肌梭的兴奋性驱动与高尔基腱器官（GTO）的抑制性驱动之间的平衡。这会导致局部肌肉痉挛。由于脱水和电解质耗竭是全身性异常，目前尚不清楚这些变化如何导致局部症状，如工作肌肉群的痉挛。
EAMC的病因背后可能存在“三联征”病因，尽管“神经肌肉控制改变”理论与“脱水”理论是解释EAMC起源的最有说服力的描述模型。EAMC的治疗和预防策略包括：电刺激诱发痉挛、肌内效贴布和压缩服装、按摩疗法、补充电解质和补水、矫正运动、拉伸、奎宁、腌菜汁、过度通气策略。
