Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Tob Control. 2019 Mar;28(2):212-219. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054113. Epub 2018 Apr 18.
Two components of social norms-descriptive (estimated prevalence) and injunctive (perceived acceptability)-can influence youth tobacco use.
To investigate electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette) and cigarette descriptive norms and measure the associations between overestimation of e-cigarette and cigarette prevalence and tobacco-related attitudes and behaviours.
Cross-sectional.
School-based, using paper-and-pencil questionnaires.
US 6th-12th graders participating in the 2015 (n=17 711) and 2016 (n=20 675) National Youth Tobacco Survey.
Students estimated the percent of their grade-mates who they thought used e-cigarettes and cigarettes; the discordance between perceived versus grade-specific actual prevalence was used to categorise students as overestimating (1) neither product, (2) e-cigarettes only, (3) cigarettes only or (4) both products.
Product-specific outcomes were curiosity and susceptibility (never users), as well as ever and current use (all students). Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Statistical significance was at P<0.05. Data were weighted to be nationally representative.
More students overestimated cigarette (74.0%) than e-cigarette prevalence (61.0%; P<0.05). However, the associations between e-cigarette-only overestimation and e-cigarette curiosity (adjusted OR (AOR)=3.29), susceptibility (AOR=2.59), ever use (AOR=5.86) and current use (AOR=8.15) were each significantly larger than the corresponding associations between cigarette-only overestimation and cigarette curiosity (AOR=1.50), susceptibility (AOR=1.54), ever use (AOR=2.04) and current use (AOR=2.52). Despite significant declines in actual e-cigarette use prevalence within each high school grade level during 2015-2016, perceived prevalence increased (11th and 12th grades) or remained unchanged (9th and 10th grades).
Four of five US students overestimated peer e-cigarette or cigarette use. Counter-tobacco mass media messages can help denormalise tobacco use.
社会规范的两个组成部分——描述性（估计的流行率）和规范性（感知的可接受性）——可以影响青少年的烟草使用。
调查电子烟（电子烟）和香烟的描述性规范，并衡量对电子烟和香烟流行率的高估与与烟草相关的态度和行为之间的关联。
横断面。
基于学校，使用纸质问卷。
参加 2015 年（n=17711）和 2016 年（n=20675）全国青年烟草调查的美国 6 至 12 年级学生。
学生估计他们认为自己年级同学使用电子烟和香烟的百分比；将感知到的流行率与特定年级的实际流行率之间的差异用于将学生归类为以下四种情况：（1）两种产品都不高估，（2）仅高估电子烟，（3）仅高估香烟或（4）两种产品都高估。
与好奇心和易感性（从不使用者）以及以往和当前使用（所有学生）相关的产品特定结果。进行了描述性和多变量逻辑回归分析。统计显著性水平为 P<0.05。数据经过加权以具有全国代表性。
更多的学生高估了香烟（74.0%）的流行率，而不是电子烟（61.0%；P<0.05）。然而，电子烟仅高估与电子烟好奇心（调整后的比值比（AOR）=3.29）、易感性（AOR=2.59）、以往使用（AOR=5.86）和当前使用（AOR=8.15）之间的关联，均显著大于香烟仅高估与香烟好奇心（AOR=1.50）、易感性（AOR=1.54）、以往使用（AOR=2.04）和当前使用（AOR=2.52）之间的关联。尽管在 2015-2016 年期间，每个高中年级的实际电子烟使用流行率都有所下降，但感知流行率却有所上升（11 年级和 12 年级）或保持不变（9 年级和 10 年级）。
五分之四的美国学生高估了同龄人的电子烟或香烟使用情况。反烟草大众媒体信息可以帮助使烟草使用正常化。
