Costa G, Pickup L, Di Martino V
Institute of Occupational Medicine, University of Verona, Policlinic Hospital, Italy.
Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1988;60(5):377-85. doi: 10.1007/BF00405674.
This report summarizes the main results of research promoted by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, concerning the impact of commuting on the health and safety of workers. An empirical study, carried out among 1167 industrial Italian workers, shows that "commuters" (workers whose journey from home to work usually does not take less than 45 min in each direction) experienced a more stressed life-style than did "non commuters" (whose journey does not take more than 20 min). Commuting appears for many workers to be a necessity which is imposed by external factors, such as the housing market and job opportunities. Commuting is shown to interfere with patterns of everyday life by restricting free-time and reducing sleeping time. A majority of commuters use public transport mainly because of cost. Public transport commuters have problems due to more changes between modes, idle waiting times and delays leading to late arrival at work. Inside transport modes, commuters suffered discomfort as a result of overcrowding, microclimatic conditions, noise and vibrations. Commuters also reported higher psychological stress scores, more health complaints, essentially of psychosomatic nature, and greater absenteeism from work due to sickness. Commuting, in addition to shiftwork, further increases sleep problems, psychosomatic complaints and difficulties with family and social life. Women commuters were at a greater disadvantage than men, having more family difficulties, more travelling complaints and higher absenteeism.
本报告总结了欧洲改善生活和工作条件基金会推动的有关通勤对工人健康和安全影响的主要研究成果。一项对1167名意大利产业工人进行的实证研究表明，“通勤者”（即从家到工作地点的单程通勤时间通常不少于45分钟的工人）比“非通勤者”（单程通勤时间不超过20分钟的工人）的生活方式压力更大。对许多工人来说，通勤似乎是由外部因素（如住房市场和就业机会）所迫的一种必要行为。研究表明，通勤会限制自由时间并减少睡眠时间，从而干扰日常生活模式。大多数通勤者主要因成本原因使用公共交通工具。公共交通通勤者面临着一些问题，比如换乘次数更多、空闲等待时间以及导致上班迟到的延误。在各种交通方式中，通勤者会因过度拥挤、微气候条件、噪音和振动而感到不适。通勤者还报告称心理压力得分更高、健康问题更多（主要是身心方面的），以及因病缺勤的情况更严重。通勤除了会导致轮班工作问题外，还会进一步加剧睡眠问题、身心不适以及家庭和社会生活方面的困难。女性通勤者比男性处于更不利的地位，她们面临更多家庭困难、更多出行问题以及更高的缺勤率。
