Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
Mar Drugs. 2018 Apr 26;16(5):142. doi: 10.3390/md16050142.
Marine-derived as well as freshwater feedstock offers important benefits, such as abundance, morphological and structural variety, and the presence of multiple elements, including nitrogen and carbon. Therefore, these renewal resources may be useful for obtaining N- and C-containing materials that can be manufactured by various methods, such as pyrolysis and hydrothermal processes supported by means of chemical and physical activators. However, every synthesis concept relies on an efficient transfer of nitrogen and carbon from marine/freshwater feedstock to the final product. This paper reviews the advantages of marine feedstock over synthetic and natural but non-marine resources as precursors for the manufacturing of N-doped activated carbons. The manufacturing procedure influences some crucial properties of nitrogen-doped carbon materials, such as pore structure and the chemical composition of the surface. An extensive review is given on the relationship between carbon materials manufacturing from marine feedstock and the elemental content of nitrogen, together with a description of the chemical bonding of nitrogen atoms at the surface. N-doped carbons may serve as effective adsorbents for the removal of pollutants from the gas or liquid phase. Non-recognized areas of adsorption-based applications for nitrogen-doped carbons are presented, too. The paper proves that nitrogen-doped carbon materials belong to most of the prospective electrode materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies such as fuel cells, air⁻metal batteries, and supercapacitors, as well as for bioimaging. The reviewed material belongs to the widely understood field of marine biotechnology in relation to marine natural products.
海洋和淡水生物资源具有丰富的来源、多样的形态和结构，以及多种元素（包括氮和碳）的存在，因此这些可再生资源可能有助于获取含氮和碳的材料。这些材料可以通过各种方法制造，如热解和水热过程，并辅以化学和物理活化剂。然而，每种合成概念都依赖于将氮和碳从海洋/淡水原料有效地转移到最终产物中。本文综述了海洋原料作为合成和天然但非海洋资源前体制造氮掺杂活性炭的优势。制造工艺会影响氮掺杂碳材料的一些关键性质，如孔结构和表面的化学成分。本文广泛综述了从海洋原料制造碳材料与氮元素含量之间的关系，以及表面氮原子的化学结合情况。氮掺杂碳可以作为从气相或液相中去除污染物的有效吸附剂。本文还介绍了氮掺杂碳在吸附应用方面尚未被认识的领域。本文证明，氮掺杂碳材料属于最有前景的电化学能量转换和存储技术（如燃料电池、空气金属电池和超级电容器）以及生物成像的电极材料之一。综述的材料属于与海洋天然产物相关的海洋生物技术的广泛领域。
