Palmisano Nicholas J, Meléndez Alicia
Biology Department, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY, USA; Biology Ph.D. Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, NK, USA.
Biology Department, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY, USA; Biology Ph.D. Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, NK, USA; Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, NY, USA.
Dev Biol. 2019 Mar 1;447(1):103-125. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.04.009. Epub 2018 Apr 27.
Autophagy involves the sequestration of cytoplasmic contents in a double-membrane structure referred to as the autophagosome and the degradation of its contents upon delivery to lysosomes. Autophagy activity has a role in multiple biological processes during the development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Basal levels of autophagy are required to remove aggregate prone proteins, paternal mitochondria, and spermatid-specific membranous organelles. During larval development, autophagy is required for the remodeling that occurs during dauer development, and autophagy can selectively degrade components of the miRNA-induced silencing complex, and modulate miRNA-mediated silencing. Basal levels of autophagy are important in synapse formation and in the germ line, to promote the proliferation of proliferating stem cells. Autophagy activity is also required for the efficient removal of apoptotic cell corpses by promoting phagosome maturation. Finally, autophagy is also involved in lipid homeostasis and in the aging process. In this review, we first describe the molecular complexes involved in the process of autophagy, its regulation, and mechanisms for cargo recognition. In the second section, we discuss the developmental contexts where autophagy has been shown to be important. Studies in C. elegans provide valuable insights into the physiological relevance of this process during metazoan development.
自噬涉及将细胞质内容物隔离在一种称为自噬体的双膜结构中，并在其内容物被递送至溶酶体后进行降解。自噬活性在秀丽隐杆线虫发育过程中的多个生物学过程中发挥作用。基础水平的自噬对于清除易聚集蛋白、父本线粒体和精子特异性膜细胞器是必需的。在幼虫发育过程中，自噬是滞育发育期间发生的重塑所必需的，并且自噬可以选择性地降解miRNA诱导沉默复合体的组分，并调节miRNA介导的沉默。基础水平的自噬在突触形成和生殖系中很重要，以促进增殖干细胞的增殖。通过促进吞噬体成熟，自噬活性对于有效清除凋亡细胞尸体也是必需的。最后，自噬还参与脂质稳态和衰老过程。在本综述中，我们首先描述参与自噬过程的分子复合体、其调控以及货物识别机制。在第二部分中，我们讨论已证明自噬很重要的发育背景。秀丽隐杆线虫的研究为后生动物发育过程中这一过程的生理相关性提供了有价值的见解。
