Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Sep 15;636:456-463. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.295. Epub 2018 Apr 27.
Platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) are most widely used in the production of automotive catalytic converters that serve to reduce toxic emissions from motor vehicles. The aim of this study was to quantitatively determine the levels of platinum, palladium and rhodium in the PM and PM fraction of airborne particle matter and find their spatial and temporal distribution at different polluted areas of the city of Zagreb, Croatia. The method used in this paper included weekly sampling of airborne particle matter on quartz filters, microwave digestion in acid under high pressure and temperature, and analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS). The results have shown that the highest mean values at all three sampling stations (North, Center, South) were obtained for palladium (3.856 pg m, 5.396 pg m, 5.600 pg m) and the lowest for rhodium (0.444 pg m, 0.643 pg m, 0.750 pg m). The average mass concentrations of platinum group elements (PGE) in PM increased for all three elements in the direction North < Center < South which had to do with the traffic load nearby the monitoring stations. The ratio of measured mass concentrations to all measuring stations was similar to platinum, palladium and rhodium content in automotive catalytic converters. Factor analysis grouped platinum, palladium and rhodium at all of the monitoring stations, and their relation to other metals together with the aforementioned results indicate that their main source of pollution is traffic or precisely automotive catalytic converters. At all three of the monitoring sites, higher values were measured during the colder part of the year. The results of measuring platinum, palladium and rhodium levels in the city of Zagreb are the first results of their kind for this area and will provide insights into the contribution of catalytic converters to the presence of these elements in the environment.
铂（Pt）、钯（Pd）和铑（Rh）是汽车催化转化器中最广泛使用的金属，用于减少机动车排放的有毒物质。本研究的目的是定量测定空气中颗粒物（PM）和 PM 部分中铂、钯和铑的水平，并发现它们在克罗地亚萨格勒布市不同污染区域的时空分布。本文使用的方法包括每周在石英滤纸上采集空气中的颗粒物、在高温高压下用酸进行微波消解，以及通过电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）进行分析。结果表明，在所有三个采样点（北部、中部、南部），钯的平均值最高（3.856 pg/m³、5.396 pg/m³、5.600 pg/m³），铑的平均值最低（0.444 pg/m³、0.643 pg/m³、0.750 pg/m³）。所有三个元素的 PM 中铂族元素（PGE）的平均质量浓度均随北<中<南的方向增加，这与监测站附近的交通负荷有关。所有三个测量站的测量质量浓度与所有测量站的比值与汽车催化转化器中铂、钯和铑的含量相似。因子分析将铂、钯和铑在所有监测站进行分组，其与其他金属的关系以及上述结果表明，它们的主要污染来源是交通或汽车催化转化器。在所有三个监测点，冬季较冷时测量值较高。萨格勒布市测量铂、钯和铑水平的结果是该地区此类结果的首次报告，将深入了解催化转化器对这些元素在环境中存在的贡献。
