Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0010, South Africa.
Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83525, Egypt.
Cell Tissue Res. 2018 Nov;374(2):233-241. doi: 10.1007/s00441-018-2846-6. Epub 2018 May 12.
Skeletal muscle regenerates efficiently following injuries and diseases. However, muscle regeneration is compromised in several conditions by adipocyte infiltration and excessive collagen deposition. Adipocyte infiltration is a characteristic feature of sarcopenia, diabetes, cachexia, muscular dystrophies and advanced cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), while excessive collagen deposition is a hallmark of muscular dystrophies and severe muscle injuries, such as lacerations, contusions and strains. Muscle adipogenesis and fibrosis are major causes of muscle weakness that impairs muscle function. Therefore, it is essential to develop an appropriate injury model to understand the mechanisms of adipocyte formation and fibrosis during muscle regeneration. This will help to advance our knowledge regarding the events that occur in dystrophic muscle diseases and develop innovative therapies for such pathological conditions. To date, several experimental injury models have been used to investigate skeletal muscle regeneration. Intramuscular injection of glycerol has been used as a new model to induce muscle injury and regeneration. It was reported that degenerative changes following glycerol-induced injury resemble those seen in DMD suggesting a similarity in their mechanism. The objective of the current review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge of using glycerol as a new model to induce muscle injury and regeneration.
骨骼肌在受伤和患病后能有效地进行再生。然而，在几种情况下，脂肪细胞浸润和胶原过度沉积会损害肌肉再生。脂肪细胞浸润是肌肉减少症、糖尿病、恶病质、肌肉营养不良和杜氏肌营养不良（DMD）晚期的特征，而胶原过度沉积是肌肉营养不良和严重肌肉损伤（如撕裂伤、挫伤和拉伤）的标志。肌肉脂肪生成和纤维化是导致肌肉无力、损害肌肉功能的主要原因。因此，开发合适的损伤模型来了解肌肉再生过程中脂肪细胞形成和纤维化的机制至关重要。这将有助于我们深入了解肌肉营养不良疾病中发生的事件，并为这些病理状况开发创新疗法。迄今为止，已经使用了几种实验性损伤模型来研究骨骼肌再生。肌肉内注射甘油已被用作一种新的模型来诱导肌肉损伤和再生。据报道，甘油诱导损伤后的退行性变化与 DMD 中所见的相似，提示它们的机制相似。本综述的目的是提供一个概述，介绍使用甘油作为一种新的模型来诱导肌肉损伤和再生的最新知识。
