Cyrys Josef, Wichmann H-Erich, Rückerl Regina, Peters Annette
Institut für Epidemiologie, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Deutschland.
ehem. Institut für Epidemiologie, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, und Lehrstuhl für Epidemiologie am Institut für Medizinische Informationsverarbeitung Biometrie und Epidemiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland.
Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2018 Jun;61(6):645-655. doi: 10.1007/s00103-018-2741-z.
Low Emission Zones (LEZs) were implemented as a measure for improving the quality of ambient air. As of February 2018, 58 LEZs were in operation in Germany; however they differ significantly, especially regarding their size.The effectiveness of LEZs has been investigated by dispersion modelling as well as by analysis of PM (particles which pass through a size-selective inlet with a 50 % efficiency cut-off at 10 μm aerodynamic diameter) and nitrogen dioxide (NO) measurement values. Recent studies show a clear trend. In sufficiently large and strictly regulated LEZs, a reduction of PM concentration between 5 and 10% can be shown, and at some traffic sites above 10%. The current (currently valid) limit values for PM were introduced in 2005, mainly due to the adverse health effects of fine particles on respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The most health-relevant PM particle fraction consists mainly of traffic-related particles and here especially of diesel soot particles. Therefore, the German regulations for LEZs promote using diesel particulate filters in diesel cars.Unfortunately, the evaluation of the LEZ effects is mostly restricted to PM, a particle fraction containing only a comparatively small portion of highly toxic exhaust-related particles. The analysis of air pollutants that are more traffic specific (such as elemental carbon, ultrafine particles, PM [particles which pass through a size-selective inlet with a 50 % efficiency cut-off at 10 μm aerodynamic diameter]) would be more adequate. For "powerful" LEZs, more pronounced reductions of such pollutants have clearly been shown. This also means that the benefit of LEZs on human health is by far greater than is presently visible from routine measurements of PM.Since the stickers for LEZs are in fact meant to reduce particulate matter, it is not surprising that the introduction of LEZs has not resulted in a demonstrable reduction in NO concentrations.
低排放区（LEZs）作为改善环境空气质量的一项措施而实施。截至2018年2月，德国有58个低排放区在运行；然而，它们差异很大，尤其是在规模方面。低排放区的有效性已通过扩散模型以及对PM（通过尺寸选择入口、在空气动力学直径10μm处有50%效率截止的颗粒）和二氧化氮（NO）测量值的分析进行了研究。近期研究显示出明显趋势。在足够大且监管严格的低排放区，可显示出PM浓度降低5%至10%，在一些交通站点降低幅度超过10%。目前（当前有效的）PM限值于2005年引入，主要是由于细颗粒物对呼吸道和心血管发病率及死亡率有不良健康影响。与健康最相关的PM颗粒部分主要由与交通相关的颗粒组成，在此尤其指柴油烟尘颗粒。因此，德国低排放区法规推动在柴油汽车中使用柴油颗粒过滤器。不幸的是，对低排放区效果的评估大多仅限于PM，而PM颗粒部分仅包含相对较小比例的剧毒尾气相关颗粒。对更具交通特异性的空气污染物（如元素碳、超细颗粒、PM[通过尺寸选择入口、在空气动力学直径10μm处有50%效率截止的颗粒]）进行分析会更合适。对于“强效”低排放区，此类污染物的更显著减少已得到明确显示。这也意味着低排放区对人类健康的益处远大于目前从PM常规测量中可见的程度。由于低排放区贴纸实际上旨在减少颗粒物，所以低排放区的引入未导致NO浓度出现可证明的降低也就不足为奇了。
