Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018 Dec;1434(1):304-318. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13705. Epub 2018 May 15.
The esophagus, a straight tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach, has the complex architecture common to the rest of the gastrointestinal tract with special differences that relate to its function as a conduit of ingested substances. For instance, it has submucosal glands that are unique and have a specific protective function. It has a squamous lining that exists nowhere else in the gut except the anus and it has a different submucosal nerve plexus when compared to the stomach and intestines. All of the layers of the esophageal wall and the specialized structures including blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves have specific responses to injury. The esophagus also has unique features such as patches of gastric mucosa called inlet patches at the very proximal part and it has a special sphincter mechanism at the most distal aspect. This review covers the normal microscopic anatomy of the esophagus and the patterns of reaction to stress and injury of each layer and each special structure.
食管是一条连接咽和胃的直管，具有与胃肠道其他部位共同的复杂结构，也有一些特殊的差异，这些差异与食管作为摄入物质的通道的功能有关。例如，它有独特的黏膜下腺，具有特定的保护功能。它的鳞状衬里在肠道的其他部位都不存在，除了肛门，而且与胃和肠相比，它还有一个不同的黏膜下神经丛。食管壁的所有层和专门的结构，包括血管和淋巴管以及神经，对损伤都有特定的反应。食管还有一些独特的特征，比如在非常近端的部分有叫做入口斑的胃黏膜斑，以及在最远端的部分有一个特殊的括约肌机制。这篇综述涵盖了食管的正常微观解剖结构，以及各层和各特殊结构对压力和损伤的反应模式。
