Ifsttar, Planning Mobilities Environment Department, Mobility and Behavior Psychology Lab (Ifsttar-LPC), 25 Allée des Marronniers, F-78000 Versailles-Satory, France.
J Safety Res. 2018 Jun;65:133-139. doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2018.02.009. Epub 2018 Apr 21.
The development of skills essential for avoiding crashes depends, in particular, on how drivers explain the causes of dangerous driving behaviors that resulted in a near crash. Here, we analyze causes attributed to such behaviors by car drivers in a self-report study. We explore the relationships between the dimensions of causal attribution, attribution of responsibility for the near crash, and drivers' comparative judgments.
For approximately two months, drivers used logbooks to document the near crashes that occurred during their trips. The causes attributed in those reports to driving behaviors resulting in near crashes were then coded by two judges on the basis of several causal dimensions. Drivers also estimated their own and an average driver's skill levels, and their risk of being involved, as a driver, in a crash.
We distinguished main types of causes of the near crashes reported. Drivers had a tendency to more often attribute external causes to their own behaviors resulting in near crashes than to those of others. The probability of attributing a controllable cause increased with overestimation of one's own skills and decreased with underestimation of one's own risk in comparison to other drivers. The probability of attributing a stable cause increased with underestimation of one's own risk.
When they explained their own behaviors resulting in near crashes, drivers mentioned different causes than when they explained those of others. Overestimation of one's own skills as compared to other drivers could be beneficial for developing crash-avoiding skills, insofar as it seems to foster attribution of controllable causes. By contrast, underestimation of one's own risk could have the opposite effect.
Vulnerability to road risks should be stressed in driver's training and risk communication campaigns. However, self-confidence with respect to one's skills should not always be targeted as a safety problem.
避免撞车所需技能的发展尤其取决于驾驶员如何解释导致险些撞车的危险驾驶行为的原因。在这里，我们在一项自我报告研究中分析了驾驶员归因于此类行为的原因。我们探讨了归因维度、归因于险些撞车的责任以及驾驶员比较判断之间的关系。
在大约两个月的时间里，驾驶员使用行车日志记录旅行中发生的险些撞车事故。然后，根据几个因果维度，由两名法官对报告中归因于险些撞车的驾驶行为的原因进行编码。驾驶员还估计了自己和平均驾驶员的技能水平，以及作为驾驶员自己卷入撞车事故的风险。
我们区分了报告的险些撞车事故的主要原因类型。驾驶员更倾向于将外部原因归因于自己导致险些撞车的行为，而不是归因于他人的行为。与其他驾驶员相比，高估自己的技能会增加归因于可控原因的可能性，而低估自己的风险会降低归因于可控原因的可能性。低估自己的风险会增加归因于稳定原因的可能性。
当驾驶员解释自己导致险些撞车的行为时，他们提到的原因与解释他人行为时不同。与其他驾驶员相比，高估自己的技能可能有助于避免撞车技能的发展，因为它似乎促进了可控原因的归因。相比之下，低估自己的风险可能会产生相反的效果。
应在驾驶员培训和风险沟通活动中强调道路风险的易感性。然而，不应对自信技能始终作为安全问题进行针对性处理。
