U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
Anal Chim Acta. 2018 Sep 18;1024:18-38. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.069. Epub 2018 Feb 9.
Human breath, along with urine and blood, has long been one of the three major biological media for assessing human health and environmental exposure. In fact, the detection of odor on human breath, as described by Hippocrates in 400 BC, is considered the first analytical health assessment tool. Although less common in comparison to contemporary bio-fluids analyses, breath has become an attractive diagnostic medium as sampling is non-invasive, unlimited in timing and volume, and does not require clinical personnel. Exhaled breath, exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and exhaled breath aerosol (EBA) are different types of breath matrices used to assess human health and disease state. Over the past 20 years, breath research has made many advances in assessing health state, overcoming many of its initial challenges related to sampling and analysis. The wide variety of sampling techniques and collection devices that have been developed for these media are discussed herein. The different types of sensors and mass spectrometry instruments currently available for breath analysis are evaluated as well as emerging breath research topics, such as cytokines, security and airport surveillance, cellular respiration, and canine olfaction.
人体呼吸与尿液和血液一样，长期以来一直是评估人体健康和环境暴露的三大生物介质之一。事实上，早在公元前 400 年，希波克拉底就描述了人体呼吸气味的检测，这被认为是第一个分析健康评估工具。尽管与当代生物体液分析相比不太常见，但由于采样是非侵入性的、时间和体积不受限制且不需要临床人员，因此呼吸已成为一种有吸引力的诊断介质。呼出气、呼出气冷凝物（EBC）和呼出气溶胶（EBA）是用于评估人体健康和疾病状态的不同类型的呼吸基质。在过去的 20 年中，呼吸研究在评估健康状态方面取得了许多进展，克服了其在采样和分析方面的许多最初挑战。本文讨论了为这些介质开发的各种采样技术和收集装置。评估了目前可用于呼吸分析的不同类型的传感器和质谱仪器，以及新兴的呼吸研究课题，如细胞因子、安全和机场监控、细胞呼吸和犬嗅觉。
