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黑色塑料:线性和循环经济、危险添加剂和海洋污染。

Black plastics: Linear and circular economies, hazardous additives and marine pollution.

机构信息

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.

出版信息

Environ Int. 2018 Aug;117:308-318. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.036. Epub 2018 May 17.

Abstract

Black products constitute about 15% of the domestic plastic waste stream, of which the majority is single-use packaging and trays for food. This material is not, however, readily recycled owing to the low sensitivity of black pigments to near infrared radiation used in conventional plastic sorting facilities. Accordingly, there is mounting evidence that the demand for black plastics in consumer products is partly met by sourcing material from the plastic housings of end-of-life waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE). Inefficiently sorted WEEE plastic has the potential to introduce restricted and hazardous substances into the recyclate, including brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Sb, a flame retardant synergist, and the heavy metals, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb. The current paper examines the life cycles of single-use black food packaging and black plastic WEEE in the context of current international regulations and directives and best practices for sorting, disposal and recycling. The discussion is supported by published and unpublished measurements of restricted substances (including Br as a proxy for BFRs) in food packaging, EEE plastic goods and non-EEE plastic products. Specifically, measurements confirm the linear economy of plastic food packaging and demonstrate a complex quasi-circular economy for WEEE plastic that results in significant and widespread contamination of black consumer goods ranging from thermos cups and cutlery to tool handles and grips, and from toys and games to spectacle frames and jewellery. The environmental impacts and human exposure routes arising from WEEE plastic recycling and contamination of consumer goods are described, including those associated with marine pollution. Regarding the latter, a compilation of elemental data on black plastic litter collected from beaches of southwest England reveals a similar chemical signature to that of contaminated consumer goods and blended plastic WEEE recyclate, exemplifying the pervasiveness of the problem.

摘要

黑色产品约占国内塑料废物量的 15%,其中大部分是一次性包装和食品托盘。然而,由于常规塑料分拣设施中使用的近红外辐射对黑色颜料的低灵敏度,这种材料不易回收。因此,越来越多的证据表明,消费产品对黑色塑料的需求部分来自于从报废电子和电气设备(WEEE)的塑料外壳中获取材料。分拣效率低下的 WEEE 塑料有可能将受限和有害物质引入回收料中,包括溴化阻燃剂(BFRs)、Sb(一种阻燃增效剂)以及重金属 Cd、Cr、Hg 和 Pb。本文在现行国际法规和指令以及最佳分拣、处置和回收实践的背景下,考察了一次性黑色食品包装和黑色 WEEE 塑料的生命周期。讨论得到了发表和未发表的关于食品包装、EEE 塑料制品和非-EEE 塑料制品中受限物质(包括 Br 作为 BFRs 的代表)的测量数据的支持。具体而言,这些测量结果证实了塑料食品包装的线性经济,并展示了 WEEE 塑料复杂的准循环经济,导致从保温杯和餐具到工具手柄和把手、从玩具和游戏到眼镜框和珠宝等黑色消费品受到广泛且严重的污染。描述了 WEEE 塑料回收和消费品污染所带来的环境影响和人类暴露途径,包括与海洋污染相关的影响。关于后者,对从英格兰西南部海滩收集的黑色塑料垃圾的元素数据进行了汇编,结果显示其化学特征与受污染的消费品和混合塑料 WEEE 回收料相似,说明了该问题的普遍性。

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