Christensen Julia F, Gomila Antoni
BIAS Team (Prof. Manos Tsakiris), The Warburg Institute, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
Ed. Beatriu de Pinós, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain.
Prog Brain Res. 2018;237:xxvii-xlvi. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(18)30032-3.
Empirical aesthetics in general, and neuroaesthetics in particular, have been very much influenced by Berlyne's psychobiological program. For him, aesthetic appreciation involved the brain's reward and aversion systems. From this point of view, art constitutes a set of potentially rewarding stimuli. Research has certainly made great advances in understanding how the process of artistic valuation takes places, and which brain circuits are involved in generating the pleasure we obtain from artistic practices, performances, and works. But it also suggests that pleasure is not the only effect of the arts. The evidence rather suggests that the arts have other cognitive and emotional effects which are closely related to human psychobiological health and well-being. These are: (1) attentional focus and flow, (2) affective experience, (3) emotion through imagery, (4) interpersonal communication, (5) self-intimation, and (6) social bonding. These effects are beneficial and contribute to the individual's biopsychological health and well-being. The fact that artistic practice has these effects helps explain why the arts are so important to human life, and why they developed in the first place, i.e., as ways to foster these effects. Therefore, a biopsychological science of the arts is emerging, according to which the arts can be conceptualized as an important system of external self-regulation, as a set of activities that contribute to our homeostasis and well-being.
一般而言，实证美学，尤其是神经美学，受到了伯利恩的心理生物学理论的极大影响。对他来说，审美欣赏涉及大脑的奖励和厌恶系统。从这个角度来看，艺术构成了一组潜在的奖励性刺激。在理解艺术价值评估过程如何发生以及哪些脑回路参与产生我们从艺术实践、表演和作品中获得的愉悦方面，研究无疑取得了巨大进展。但这也表明愉悦并非艺术的唯一效果。证据反而表明，艺术还有其他认知和情感效果，这些效果与人类的心理生物学健康和幸福密切相关。这些效果包括：（1）注意力集中和心流体验，（2）情感体验，（3）通过意象产生的情感，（4）人际交流，（5）自我认知，以及（6）社会联结。这些效果是有益的，有助于个体的生物心理层面的健康和幸福。艺术实践具有这些效果这一事实有助于解释为什么艺术对人类生活如此重要，以及它们最初为何会发展，即作为促进这些效果的方式。因此，一门关于艺术的生物心理学正在兴起，据此，艺术可以被概念化为一种重要的外部自我调节系统，作为一组有助于我们体内平衡和幸福的活动。
