Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden.
Psychol Assess. 2018 Aug;30(8):1049-1064. doi: 10.1037/pas0000557. Epub 2018 May 21.
Why do some people struggle with self-control (colloquially called willpower) whereas others are able to sustain it during challenging circumstances? Recent research showed that a person's implicit theories of willpower-whether they think self-control capacity is a limited or nonlimited resource-predict sustained self-control on laboratory tasks and on goal-related outcomes in everyday life. The present research tests the Implicit Theory of Willpower for Strenuous Mental Activities Scale (or ITW-M) Scale for measurement invariance across samples and gender within each culture, and two cultural contexts (the U.S. and Switzerland/Germany). Across a series of multigroup confirmatory factor analyses, we found support for the measurement invariance of the ITW-M scale across samples within and across two cultures, as well as across men and women. Further, the analyses showed expected patterns of convergent (with life-satisfaction and trait-self-control) and discriminant validity (with implicit theory of intelligence). These results provide guidelines for future research and clinical practice using the ITW-M scale for the investigation of latent group differences, for example, between gender or cultures. (PsycINFO Database Record
为什么有些人在具有挑战性的情况下难以控制自己（俗称意志力），而有些人却能够维持自控力？最近的研究表明，一个人对意志力的内隐理论——他们是否认为自我控制能力是有限的或无限的资源——可以预测在实验室任务和日常生活中的目标相关结果中的持续自我控制。本研究测试了在不同样本和文化内以及跨两种文化背景（美国和瑞士/德国）的艰苦心理活动的内隐意志力理论量表（或 ITW-M）量表的跨样本和性别测量不变性。通过一系列多组验证性因素分析，我们发现 ITW-M 量表在两个文化内和跨文化的样本中的测量不变性得到了支持，也支持了男性和女性之间的测量不变性。此外，分析显示了内隐智力理论的预期的收敛（与生活满意度和特质自我控制）和判别效度（与内隐智力理论）模式。这些结果为未来使用 ITW-M 量表研究潜在的群体差异提供了指导，例如，在性别或文化之间。
