School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Agricure Scientific Organics Pty. Ltd., Braemar, NSW, Australia.
Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2019 Feb;39(1):1-19. doi: 10.1080/07388551.2018.1474168. Epub 2018 May 24.
The primary objective of this review is to propose an approach for the biosynthesis of phylloquinone (vitamin K) based upon its known sources, its role in photosynthesis and its biosynthetic pathway. The chemistry, health benefits, market, and industrial production of vitamin K are also summarized. Vitamin K compounds (K vitamers) are required for the normal function of at least 15 proteins involved in diverse physiological processes such as coagulation, tissue mineralization, inflammation, and neuroprotection. Vitamin K is essential for the prevention of Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB), especially in neonates. Increased vitamin K intake may also reduce the severity and/or risk of bone fracture, arterial calcification, inflammatory diseases, and cognitive decline. Consumers are increasingly favoring natural food and therapeutic products. However, the bulk of vitamin K products employed for both human and animal use are chemically synthesized. Biosynthesis of the menaquinones (vitamin K) has been extensively researched. However, published research on the biotechnological production of phylloquinone is restricted to a handful of available articles and patents. We have found that microalgae are more suitable than plant cell cultures for the biosynthesis of phylloquinone. Many algae are richer in vitamin K than terrestrial plants, and algal cells are easier to manipulate. Vitamin K can be efficiently recovered from the biomass using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.
本次综述的主要目的是基于叶绿醌（维生素 K）的已知来源、其在光合作用中的作用及其生物合成途径，提出一种叶绿醌的生物合成方法。本文还概述了维生素 K 的化学、健康益处、市场和工业生产。维生素 K 化合物（维生素 K 同型物）是至少 15 种参与多种生理过程的蛋白质正常功能所必需的，这些过程包括凝血、组织矿化、炎症和神经保护。维生素 K 对于预防维生素 K 缺乏性出血症（VKDB），特别是新生儿尤为重要。增加维生素 K 的摄入可能还会降低骨折、动脉钙化、炎症性疾病和认知能力下降的严重程度和/或风险。消费者越来越倾向于天然食品和治疗产品。然而，用于人类和动物用途的大部分维生素 K 产品都是化学合成的。甲萘醌（维生素 K）的生物合成已得到广泛研究。然而，关于叶绿醌的生物技术生产的已发表研究仅限于少数可用的文章和专利。我们发现，与植物细胞培养物相比，微藻更适合于叶绿醌的生物合成。许多藻类比陆生植物含有更丰富的维生素 K，而且藻类细胞更容易操作。可以使用超临界二氧化碳萃取从生物质中高效回收维生素 K。
