Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.
Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.
Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2019 Mar;87:95-104. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.021. Epub 2018 Jun 22.
An organizer is defined as a group of cells that secrete specific factors and can change the fate of adjacent cells and instruct a specific pattern. Spemann and Mangold were the first to use the term, when in 1938 they discovered that the dorsal blastopore lip of a salamander embryo induced a secondary axis after transplantation. Since then, several such regions have been identified in the embryos of many animal species. However, little is known about the presence of organizers at the adult stage, although some organizing activity must be required during regenerative processes to pattern the new tissue. In this study we review the current knowledge on planarians, flatworms that can regenerate any lost body parts, including their heads, within a few days. We will summarize the current data that made it possible to identify planarian anterior and posterior tips as regenerative organizers. We will present the current knowledge about the molecular networks that define each organizer, and we will discuss the presence of organizers in planarians during normal homeostasis. We will propose some unanswered questions concerning both planarian regeneration and regenerative medicine, and examine future research prospects in this field.
组织者被定义为一组分泌特定因子的细胞，它可以改变相邻细胞的命运，并指导特定的模式。斯佩曼和曼戈尔德是最早使用这个术语的人，他们在 1938 年发现，蝾螈胚胎的背侧胚孔唇在移植后可以诱导次生轴。从那时起，在许多动物物种的胚胎中已经鉴定出了几个这样的区域。然而，关于成年阶段组织者的存在知之甚少，尽管在再生过程中一定需要一些组织活动来塑造新的组织。在本研究中，我们回顾了扁形动物（涡虫）的现有知识，它们可以在几天内再生任何失去的身体部位，包括头部。我们将总结当前的研究数据，这些数据使我们能够确定扁形动物的前后端为再生组织者。我们将介绍目前关于定义每个组织者的分子网络的知识，并讨论组织者在扁形动物正常体内平衡中的存在。我们将提出一些关于扁形动物再生和再生医学的未解决问题，并探讨该领域未来的研究前景。
