Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
Environ Monit Assess. 2018 Jun 5;190(7):379. doi: 10.1007/s10661-018-6772-6.
Degradation of source water quality complicates water treatment processes, resulting in additional treatment cost and tap water quality deterioration. In this study, source water quality was investigated for 441 water supply systems (WSSs) during the period of 18 years (1999-2016). The investigation was performed on 21 water quality parameters (WQPs) for groundwater (GWS) and surface water (SWS) sources. The averages of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), color, and Kjeldahl nitrogen (N) were much higher in SWS than GWS while other 18 WQPs (e.g., alkalinity, conductivity, and pH) were higher in GWS. In SWS, averages of DOC during 2000-2005, 2006-2010, and 2011-2015 were 6.08, 6.74, and 6.78 mg/L, respectively. In these periods, pH were 6.39, 6.62, and 6.77, respectively. In GWS, averages of DOC in these periods were 1.43, 1.36, and 1.81 mg/L, respectively, while pH were 7.50, 7.69, and 7.89, respectively. The DOC in SWS and GWS were increasing at the rates of 0.0722 and 0.0491 mg/L/year, respectively, while pH were increasing at the rates of 0.0375 and 0.0441 units/year, respectively. Trihalomethanes showed increasing trends in drinking water from SWS and GWS while haloacetic acids showed no trend. In SWS, DOC and its rate of increase were higher while in GWS, pH and its rate of increase were higher. The higher DOC and pH, and their increasing rates could increase disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water. Many DBPs are known as possible or probable human carcinogens and some DBPs are regulated. The other WQP and their increasing patterns can also impart new challenges, which are likely to increase the treatment cost and/or deteriorate drinking water quality.
水源水质恶化使水处理过程复杂化，导致处理成本增加和自来水水质恶化。本研究对 18 年间（1999-2016 年）441 个供水系统（WSS）的水源水质进行了调查。调查针对地下水（GWS）和地表水（SWS）水源的 21 个水质参数（WQPs）进行。与 GWS 相比，SWS 的溶解有机碳（DOC）、颜色和凯氏氮（N）平均值要高得多，而其他 18 个 WQPs（如碱度、电导率和 pH）则在 GWS 中更高。在 SWS 中，2000-2005 年、2006-2010 年和 2011-2015 年期间的 DOC 平均值分别为 6.08、6.74 和 6.78mg/L。在这些时期，pH 值分别为 6.39、6.62 和 6.77。在 GWS 中，这些时期的 DOC 平均值分别为 1.43、1.36 和 1.81mg/L，而 pH 值分别为 7.50、7.69 和 7.89。SWS 和 GWS 中的 DOC 分别以 0.0722 和 0.0491mg/L/年的速度增加，而 pH 分别以 0.0375 和 0.0441 个单位/年的速度增加。三卤甲烷（THMs）在 SWS 和 GWS 饮用水中呈上升趋势，而卤乙酸（HAAs）则没有明显趋势。在 SWS 中，DOC 及其增长率较高，而在 GWS 中，pH 及其增长率较高。较高的 DOC 和 pH 及其增长率可能会增加饮用水中的消毒副产物（DBPs）。许多 DBPs 被认为是可能或可能的人类致癌物，其中一些 DBPs 受到监管。其他 WQP 及其增长模式也可能带来新的挑战，这可能会增加处理成本和/或恶化饮用水水质。
