Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC.
J Nutr. 2018 Sep 1;148(9S):1567S-1574S. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy059.
A recent report of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) outlined priority nutrients for infants and children participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC).
The objective of this study was to assess usual nutrient intakes from foods and beverages (not supplements) among US children aged <4 y by WIC participation status.
A national random sample of children aged <4 y (n = 3,235) from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016 was categorized by WIC participation status (participants, lower-income nonparticipants, or higher-income nonparticipants) and age (younger infants aged 0-5.9 mo, older infants aged 6-11.9 mo, toddlers aged 12-23.9 mo, or preschoolers aged 24-47.9 mo). All participants contributed one 24-h dietary recall, with a second recall from a representative subsample (n = 799). Usual intakes and compliance with federal dietary recommendations were estimated by using the National Cancer Institute method. Differences between WIC participants and either lower-income nonparticipants or higher-income nonparticipants were tested using t tests.
The diets of infants (aged <12 mo) were nutritionally adequate in general. Older infants participating in WIC had higher compliance with iron and vitamin D guidelines than either group of nonparticipants and greater compliance with calcium, zinc, and potassium guidelines than higher-income nonparticipants. WIC toddlers had a higher risk of inadequate calcium and excessive sodium intakes than higher-income nonparticipants. Eight percent of WIC toddlers exceeded added sugar guidelines compared with either nonparticipant group (∼2%). WIC toddlers and preschoolers had a lower risk of inadequate vitamin D intake than lower-income nonparticipants, but inadequacy was >75% across all subgroups. WIC preschoolers had higher compliance with saturated fat guidelines but lower compliance with sodium and added sugar guidelines than higher-income nonparticipants.
WIC participants had better intakes of iron (ages 6-23.9 mo), zinc and potassium (ages 6-11.9 mo), saturated fat (ages 24-47.9 mo), and vitamin D (all ages). Regardless of WIC participation status, most infants and children met the calcium and zinc guidelines, but large proportions had intakes not meeting the recommendations for iron (ages 6-11.9 mo), vitamin D, potassium, fiber, saturated fat, and sodium.
美国国家科学院、工程院和医学院（NASEM）最近的一份报告概述了参与妇女、婴儿和儿童特别补充营养计划（WIC）的婴儿和儿童的优先营养物质。
本研究的目的是评估美国<4 岁儿童通过 WIC 参与状况从食物和饮料（不包括补充剂）中获得的常规营养素摄入量。
从 2016 年喂养婴儿和幼儿研究（FITS）中抽取一个全国性的<4 岁儿童随机样本（n=3235），根据 WIC 参与状况（参与者、低收入非参与者或高收入非参与者）和年龄（<5.9 月龄的婴儿、6-11.9 月龄的较大婴儿、12-23.9 月龄的幼儿或 24-47.9 月龄的学龄前儿童）进行分类。所有参与者均提供了一份 24 小时膳食回忆，代表样本中的一部分（n=799）进行了第二次回忆。使用国家癌症研究所的方法估计常规摄入量和对联邦饮食建议的遵守情况。使用 t 检验检验 WIC 参与者与低收入非参与者或高收入非参与者之间的差异。
婴儿（<12 月龄）的饮食总体上营养充足。参与 WIC 的较大婴儿在遵守铁和维生素 D 指南方面比任何一组非参与者都好，在遵守钙、锌和钾指南方面比高收入非参与者要好。WIC 幼儿的钙摄入不足和钠摄入过多的风险高于高收入非参与者。与任何非参与者组（约 2%）相比，8%的 WIC 幼儿超过了添加糖的指导方针。WIC 幼儿和学龄前儿童的维生素 D 摄入不足的风险低于低收入非参与者，但所有亚组的不足率均>75%。WIC 学龄前儿童在遵守饱和脂肪指南方面的表现较好，但在遵守钠和添加糖指南方面的表现不如高收入非参与者。
WIC 参与者在 6-23.9 月龄时铁、锌和钾（6-11.9 月龄）、饱和脂肪（24-47.9 月龄）和维生素 D（所有年龄）的摄入量更好。无论是否参与 WIC，大多数婴儿和儿童都满足钙和锌的指导方针，但很大一部分人的铁（6-11.9 月龄）、维生素 D、钾、纤维、饱和脂肪和钠的摄入量不符合建议。
