Nestlé Institute of Health Science, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland.
RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC.
J Nutr. 2019 Jul 1;149(7):1230-1237. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxz054.
Many updates to young child feeding recommendations have been published over the past decade, but concurrent intake trends have not been assessed.
The aim of this study was to evaluate adequacy and trends in energy and nutrient intakes of US infants and children aged 0-47.9 mo through use of Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) data from 2002, 2008, and 2016.
FITS are cross-sectional surveys of parents/caregivers of infants and young children (FITS 2002, n = 2962; FITS 2008, n = 3276; FITS 2016, n = 3235). Dietary intakes were assessed by telephone with trained interviewers using the Nutrition Data System for Research. Mean ± SE nutrient intakes were calculated. Diet adequacy was assessed with the nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for 17 nutrients and the corresponding mean adequacy ratio.
Energy and macronutrient intakes were generally stable across surveys, but significant decreases for saturated fat and total sugars and an increase in fiber were observed among 6-11.9-mo-olds and 12-23.9-mo-olds (P-trend < 0.0001). Mean sodium intakes exceeded Adequate Intakes (AI) for all ages, whereas fiber intakes were universally below the AI. Nutrients with the lowest NAR values were vitamin D (range 0.41-0.67/1.00) and vitamin E (range 0.60-0.79/1.00 for 2008 and 2016). For iron, infants aged 6-11.9 mo had the lowest NAR values at 0.77-0.88/1.00, compared to 0.85-0.89/1.00 for 12-47.9-mo-olds. Potassium was low from 12 to 47.9 mo (NAR range 0.55-0.63/1.00 across survey years). The nutrients with the greatest decline in mean intakes were iron and vitamins D and E among 6-11.9-mo-olds, and vitamin D and potassium among 12-23.9-mo-olds in 2016 compared to 2002.
The diets of US infants and young children were generally adequate for most micronutrients and stable over time, but sodium intakes were too high, and nutrient gaps still existed, especially for vitamins D, E, and fiber across ages and for iron among infants.
过去十年间，许多幼儿喂养建议已得到更新，但同期的摄入趋势尚未得到评估。
本研究旨在通过使用 2002 年、2008 年和 2016 年的喂养婴幼儿研究（FITS）数据，评估美国 0-47.9 月龄婴儿和儿童的能量和营养素摄入充足程度及其变化趋势。
FITS 是对婴幼儿父母/照顾者进行的横断面调查（FITS 2002，n=2962；FITS 2008，n=3276；FITS 2016，n=3235）。通过经过培训的访谈员使用营养数据系统进行研究（Nutrition Data System for Research），通过电话评估饮食摄入情况。计算平均±SE 营养素摄入量。通过 17 种营养素的营养素充足率（NAR）和相应的平均充足率来评估饮食充足程度。
在整个调查过程中，能量和宏量营养素的摄入量总体保持稳定，但 6-11.9 月龄和 12-23.9 月龄婴儿的饱和脂肪和总糖摄入量显著下降，膳食纤维摄入量增加（P-趋势<0.0001）。所有年龄段的钠摄入量均超过了适宜摄入量（AI），而膳食纤维摄入量普遍低于 AI。NAR 值最低的营养素是维生素 D（2008 年和 2016 年的范围分别为 0.41-0.67/1.00）和维生素 E（范围为 0.60-0.79/1.00）。对于铁，6-11.9 月龄婴儿的 NAR 值最低，为 0.77-0.88/1.00，而 12-47.9 月龄婴儿的 NAR 值为 0.85-0.89/1.00。从 12 月龄到 47.9 月龄，钾的摄入量均较低（各年龄段的 NAR 值范围为 0.55-0.63/1.00）。6-11.9 月龄婴儿的铁、维生素 D 和 E 以及 12-23.9 月龄婴儿的维生素 D 和钾的摄入量在 2016 年比 2002 年明显下降。
美国婴幼儿的饮食一般来说，大多数微量营养素都充足且随着时间的推移保持稳定，但钠摄入量过高，营养缺口仍然存在，尤其是维生素 D、E 和纤维在各年龄段，以及铁在婴儿中。
