Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China.
Shaanxi Blood Center, Zhuque Street 407, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
Fitoterapia. 2018 Sep;129:272-282. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.06.001. Epub 2018 Jun 5.
Deglycosylation is the most important gastrointestinal metabolism in which ginsenosides are split off from glycosyl moieties by the enzymes secreted from intestinal microflora, and two possible metabolic pathways of protopanaxdiol-type ginsenosides (PPD-type ginsenosides) and protopanaxtriol-type ginsenosides (PPT-type ginsenosides) have been concluded. The former is deglycosylated at C-3 and/or C-20, and transformed to protopanaxdiol (PPD). By comparison, the latter is deglycosylated at C-6 and/or C-20, and eventually transformed to protopanaxtriol (PPT) instead. The pharmacokinetic behavior of PPD-type ginsenosides and PPT-type ginsenosides is different, mainly in a faster absorption and elimination rate of PPT-type ginsenosides, but almost all of ginsenosides have a low oral bioavailability, which is relevant to the properties, the stability in the gastrointestinal tract, membrane permeability and the intestinal and hepatic first-pass effect of ginsenosides. Fortunately, its bioavailability can be improved by means of pharmaceutical strategies, including nanoparticles, liposomes, emulsions, micelles, etc. These drug delivery systems can significantly increase the bioavailability of ginsenosides, as well as controlling or targeting drug release. Ginsenosides are widely used in the treatment of various diseases, the most famous one is the Shen Yi capsule, which is the world's first clinical application of tumor neovascularization inhibitors. Hence, this article aims to draw people's attention on ocotillol-type ginsenosides, which have prominent anti-Alzheimer's disease activity, but have been overlooked previously, such as its representative compound-Pseudoginsenoside F(PF), and then provide a reference for the druggability and further developments of ocotillol-type ginsenosides by utilizing the homogeneous structure between dammarane-type ginsenosides and ocotillol-type ginsenosides.
去糖基化是最重要的胃肠道代谢途径之一,其中肠道微生物分泌的酶会将糖苷部分从人参皂苷中分离出来。目前已经总结出原二醇型人参皂苷(PPD 型人参皂苷)和原三醇型人参皂苷(PPT 型人参皂苷)的两种可能的代谢途径。前者在 C-3 和/或 C-20 处去糖基化,转化为原人参二醇(PPD)。相比之下,后者在 C-6 和/或 C-20 处去糖基化,最终转化为原人参三醇(PPT)。PPD 型人参皂苷和 PPT 型人参皂苷的药代动力学行为不同,主要表现在 PPT 型人参皂苷吸收和消除速度更快,但几乎所有的人参皂苷口服生物利用度都较低,这与人参皂苷的性质、在胃肠道中的稳定性、膜通透性以及肠肝首过效应有关。幸运的是,其生物利用度可以通过制药策略来提高,包括纳米粒子、脂质体、乳液、胶束等。这些药物递送系统可以显著提高人参皂苷的生物利用度,并控制或靶向药物释放。人参皂苷广泛应用于各种疾病的治疗,最著名的是参一胶囊,它是世界上第一个临床应用的肿瘤血管生成抑制剂。因此,本文旨在引起人们对具有显著抗阿尔茨海默病活性的奥克梯醇型人参皂苷的关注,该类化合物以前一直被忽视,如代表性化合物伪人参皂苷 F(PF),然后通过利用达玛烷型人参皂苷和奥克梯醇型人参皂苷之间的同质结构,为人参皂苷奥克梯醇型的成药性和进一步发展提供参考。