University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA, USA.
Koc University School of Nursing, Istanbul, Turkey.
Trauma Violence Abuse. 2020 Jul;21(3):510-526. doi: 10.1177/1524838018781104. Epub 2018 Jun 10.
Violence against women (VAW) in Turkey is concerning, and to develop and implement effective prevention strategies for addressing it, careful consideration must be given to the factors that influence it. In this review, we synthesized the body of literature on VAW in Turkey according to a social ecological framework, which is a theoretical model considering the complex interplay between individual, relationship, community, and societal factors. Consistent with this framework, we obtained research articles and commentaries in Turkish and English from a variety of national and international databases and websites regarding risk factors, cultural practices violating women's rights, and trends and current practices, including prevention efforts. Our review revealed that factors influencing VAW are marriage at young age, lower education level, alcohol abuse, and childhood trauma or abuse history for individual level; having multiple partners, low relationship satisfaction, and forced marriage for relationship level; poverty, lack of social support, and lack of employment opportunities for community level; cultural acceptance of men's superiority and dominance over women, acceptance of violence, cultural practices, and weak legal sanctions for societal level. Additionally, we reviewed multilevel prevention strategies in the extant literature on effective prevention and intervention efforts according to social ecological framework and proposed research, practice, and policy implications derived from this framework.
土耳其的针对妇女的暴力行为令人担忧，为了制定和实施有效的预防策略来解决这一问题，必须仔细考虑影响这一问题的因素。在本综述中，我们根据社会生态学框架综合了土耳其针对妇女的暴力行为的文献，该框架是一种理论模型，考虑了个人、关系、社区和社会因素之间的复杂相互作用。根据这一框架，我们从各种国家和国际数据库和网站中获取了有关风险因素、侵犯妇女权利的文化习俗以及趋势和当前做法（包括预防工作）的土耳其语和英语研究文章和评论。我们的综述表明，影响针对妇女的暴力行为的因素包括个人层面的年轻结婚、教育水平低、酗酒和童年创伤或虐待史；关系层面的多个伴侣、低关系满意度和强迫婚姻；社区层面的贫困、缺乏社会支持和缺乏就业机会；社会层面的对男性优越和统治女性的文化接受、对暴力、文化习俗和法律制裁不力的接受。此外，我们根据社会生态学框架审查了现有关于有效预防和干预措施的文献中的多层次预防策略，并提出了由此框架得出的研究、实践和政策意义。
