COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus.
J Interpers Violence. 2021 Apr;36(7-8):NP4514-NP4541. doi: 10.1177/0886260518787809. Epub 2018 Jul 13.
Violence against women (VAW) is a grave problem in Pakistan, and women from all socioeconomic groups are vulnerable to domestic violence in varying degrees. It is argued that patriarchal definition of gender roles may reinforce the internalized inferiority of women. So, it may not be a mere coincidence that a large number of women in Pakistan justify VAW for various reasons. The objectives of this article are threefold: (a) to identify the drivers of VAW, (b) to see if women's attitudinal acceptance of violence is causally linked with observed violence against women, and (c) to see if attitudinal acceptance of violence mediates between the socioeconomic status of women and observed violence. We used data from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2012-13. The sample consisted of 3,265 ever married women aged between 15 and 49 years who were interviewed for domestic violence. We used multivariate logit regression analysis to identify the drivers of VAW and used the Karlson-Holm-Breen (KHB) method for mediation analysis. We found that women's attitudinal acceptance of violence, their childhood experience of violence in their parental household, the education of both husband and wife, and some occupation types significantly predicted their experience of spousal violence. In addition, we found that women's attitudinal acceptance of violence mediated the relationships between socioeconomic factors (education and wealth status) and VAW. The significance of the study lies in the fact that it highlights the need to modify the perceptions of violence through change in educational policy. Among multiple other factors, an increase in the economic status of women is an effective hedge against the risk of spousal violence.
在巴基斯坦，暴力侵害妇女（VAW）是一个严重的问题，所有社会经济群体的妇女都不同程度地容易受到家庭暴力。有人认为，男权制对性别角色的定义可能会强化妇女内心的自卑感。因此，巴基斯坦有大量妇女出于各种原因为暴力侵害妇女行为辩护，这并非偶然。本文的目的有三：（a）确定暴力侵害妇女行为的驱动因素；（b）观察妇女对暴力的态度接受是否与观察到的暴力侵害妇女行为有因果关系；（c）观察暴力态度接受是否在妇女的社会经济地位和观察到的暴力之间起中介作用。我们使用了 2012-13 年巴基斯坦人口与健康调查（PDHS）的数据。样本包括 3265 名 15 至 49 岁的已婚妇女，她们接受了关于家庭暴力的访谈。我们使用多元逻辑回归分析来确定暴力侵害妇女行为的驱动因素，并使用卡尔森-霍尔姆-布林（KHB）方法进行中介分析。我们发现，妇女对暴力的态度接受、她们在父母家庭中童年时期经历的暴力、夫妻双方的教育程度以及某些职业类型都显著预测了她们遭受配偶暴力的经历。此外，我们发现，妇女对暴力的态度接受在社会经济因素（教育和财富状况）与暴力侵害妇女行为之间起中介作用。这项研究的意义在于，它强调了需要通过教育政策的改变来改变对暴力的看法。在众多其他因素中，提高妇女的经济地位是防范配偶暴力风险的有效手段。
