Ma Wen-Juan, Veltsos Paris, Toups Melissa A, Rodrigues Nicolas, Sermier Roberto, Jeffries Daniel L, Perrin Nicolas
Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
Genes (Basel). 2018 Jun 12;9(6):294. doi: 10.3390/genes9060294.
Sex-biased genes are central to the study of sexual selection, sexual antagonism, and sex chromosome evolution. We describe a comprehensive de novo assembled transcriptome in the common frog based on five developmental stages and three adult tissues from both sexes, obtained from a population with karyotypically homomorphic but genetically differentiated sex chromosomes. This allows the study of sex-biased gene expression throughout development, and its effect on the rate of gene evolution while accounting for pleiotropic expression, which is known to negatively correlate with the evolutionary rate. Overall, sex-biased genes had little overlap among developmental stages and adult tissues. Late developmental stages and gonad tissues had the highest numbers of stage- or tissue-specific genes. We find that pleiotropic gene expression is a better predictor than sex bias for the evolutionary rate of genes, though it often interacts with sex bias. Although genetically differentiated, the sex chromosomes were not enriched in sex-biased genes, possibly due to a very recent arrest of XY recombination. These results extend our understanding of the developmental dynamics, tissue specificity, and genomic localization of sex-biased genes.
性别偏向基因是性选择、性拮抗和性染色体进化研究的核心。我们基于普通青蛙的五个发育阶段和来自两性的三种成年组织，描述了一个从头全面组装的转录组，这些样本取自一个具有核型同态但遗传分化的性染色体的种群。这使得我们能够研究整个发育过程中性别偏向基因的表达，以及它在考虑到多效性表达（已知与进化速率呈负相关）的情况下对基因进化速率的影响。总体而言，性别偏向基因在发育阶段和成年组织之间几乎没有重叠。发育后期阶段和性腺组织具有最多数量的阶段或组织特异性基因。我们发现，对于基因的进化速率，多效性基因表达比性别偏向是更好的预测指标，尽管它常常与性别偏向相互作用。虽然性染色体在遗传上有分化，但在性别偏向基因中并未富集，这可能是由于XY重组在最近才停止。这些结果扩展了我们对性别偏向基因的发育动态、组织特异性和基因组定位的理解。
