Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
Environ Pollut. 2018 Oct;241:841-851. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.015. Epub 2018 Jun 14.
From December 1993 to January 1995 and from October 2009 to October 2010, a total of 320 and 365 daily samples of the PM were collected at a rural background site (National Atmospheric Observatory Košetice) in Central Europe. The PM samples were analyzed for 29 and 26 elements respectively by Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and water-soluble inorganic ions by Ion Chromatography (IC) in 2009/2010. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied to the chemical composition of PM to determine its sources. The decreasing trends of almost all elements concentrations, especially the metals regulated by the EU Directive (2004/107/EC) are evident. The annual median ratios indicate a decrease in concentrations of the PM elements. The slight increase of K concentrations and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient r 0.09 K/Se points to a rise in residential wood combustion. The S concentrations are nearly comparable (higher mean in 2009/2010, while the annual median ratio is under 1). The five major source types in the mid-1990s were ascribed to brown coal combustion, oil combustion, sea salt and dust - long-range transport, re-suspended dust and black coal combustion. The industrial combustion of brown and/or black coal (r 0.75 Se/As, r 0.57 Ga/Ge and r 0.20 As/Zn) and oil (r 0.72 V/Ni) of the regional origin dominated. In the 1990s, the potential source regions were the border area of Czech Republic, German and Poland (brown coal), the Moravia-Silesia region at the Czech-Polish border (black coal), and Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, and the Balkans (oil). In 2009/2010, the apportioned sources were sulfate, residential heating, nitrate, industry, re-suspended dust, and sea salt and dust - long-range transport. The secondary sulfate from coal combustion and residential biomass burning (r 0.96, K/K) of local origin dominated. The declining trend of the elemental concentrations and change in the source pattern of the regional background PM2.5 in Central Europe between the mid-1990s and 2009/10 reflects the economic transformation and impact of stricter legislation in Central Europe.
从 1993 年 12 月到 1995 年 1 月和 2009 年 10 月到 2010 年 10 月，在中欧的农村背景站点（国家大气观测 Košetice）共采集了 320 个和 365 个每日 PM 样本。PM 样本分别用粒子激发 X 射线发射（PIXE）和离子色谱法（IC）分析了 29 种和 26 种元素。应用正矩阵因子分解（PMF）对 PM 的化学成分进行分析，以确定其来源。几乎所有元素浓度的下降趋势，尤其是欧盟指令（2004/107/EC）规定的金属元素浓度都很明显。年中值比表明 PM 元素浓度下降。K 浓度的轻微增加和斯皮尔曼等级相关系数 r 0.09 K/Se 表明居民木材燃烧的增加。S 浓度几乎相当（2009/2010 年平均浓度较高，而年中值比低于 1）。90 年代中期的五个主要来源类型归因于褐煤燃烧、石油燃烧、海盐和尘埃——长距离传输、再悬浮尘埃和黑煤燃烧。工业燃烧的褐煤和/或黑煤（r 0.75 Se/As、r 0.57 Ga/Ge 和 r 0.20 As/Zn）和石油（r 0.72 V/Ni）为区域来源。在 90 年代，潜在的源区是捷克共和国、德国和波兰的边境地区（褐煤）、捷克-波兰边境的摩拉维亚-西里西亚地区（黑煤）以及斯洛伐克、奥地利、匈牙利和巴尔干地区（石油）。2009/2010 年，分配的来源是硫酸盐、居民供暖、硝酸盐、工业、再悬浮尘埃以及海盐和尘埃——长距离传输。本地来源的煤燃烧和居民生物质燃烧产生的二次硫酸盐（r 0.96，K/K）占主导地位。中欧地区背景 PM2.5 中元素浓度的下降趋势和区域背景 PM2.5 源模式的变化反映了中欧经济转型和更严格立法的影响。
