Hebei Provincial Environmental Meteorological Center, Shijiazhuang 050021, China.
State Key Lab of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Nov 15;642:543-552. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.021. Epub 2018 Jun 14.
The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region in China suffers from heavy air pollution, especially in heating period. SO and NO are two of the key primary gaseous pollutants emitted by coal burning. The increase in air pollution caused by heating in the south-central part of the BTH region is higher than that in the northern part. And the distribution of SO and NO increment has significant differences. In this work, SO and NO emissions over the BTH region are determined using an adaptive "nudging" constrained method and a variational processing technique based on Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite data and surface measurement data collected in 2015. The application of the method can provide reliable, up-to-date and high-resolution mapping of sources of SO and NO emissions. These SO and NO emissions reflect the spatial differences in point and area sources in urban agglomerations and rural areas under different meteorological conditions during the non-heating and heating seasons. The intensity and influence of SO and NO emissions, particularly those of SO, are significantly greater during the heating season than those during the non-heating season. Winter increases in SO emissions in the northern areas of the BTH region are larger than those in the southern part. In addition, significant increases in SO emissions occur mainly in suburban and rural areas, while those of NO emissions mainly occur in urban agglomerations. In the major urban areas, where coal has been replaced by natural gas or electric power for heating, winter heating causes much smaller increases in SO emissions than in other areas. The large amounts of bulk coal consumption in the suburban and rural areas could cause significant regional air pollution. Clear increases in SO and NO emissions in winter occur along a belt from southern Beijing to Langfang, Baoding, Shijiazhuang and Xingtai, which is consistent with a special "quasi-steady" air pollutant transport belt in the region. All above results show that the adaptive "nudging" constrained emission method could be an effective tool for air pollution control during certain seasons.
中国京津冀地区遭受严重的空气污染，特别是在供暖期。二氧化硫（SO）和氮氧化物（NO）是燃煤排放的两种主要气态污染物。京津冀地区中南部地区因供暖导致的空气污染增加量高于北部地区。而且 SO 和 NO 增加量的分布存在显著差异。在这项工作中，采用自适应“推斥”约束方法和基于臭氧监测仪（OMI）卫星数据和 2015 年收集的地面测量数据的变分处理技术，确定了京津冀地区的 SO 和 NO 排放。该方法的应用可以提供可靠、最新和高分辨率的 SO 和 NO 排放源地图。这些 SO 和 NO 排放反映了不同气象条件下非供暖季和供暖季城市群和农村地区点源和面源的空间差异。SO 和 NO 排放的强度和影响，尤其是 SO 的强度和影响，在供暖季明显大于非供暖季。京津冀北部地区冬季 SO 排放量的增加大于南部地区。此外，SO 排放量的显著增加主要发生在郊区和农村地区，而 NO 排放量的增加主要发生在城市群。在主要城市地区，由于冬季采用天然气或电力代替煤炭供暖，SO 排放量的增加幅度远小于其他地区。郊区和农村地区大量散煤的消耗可能导致显著的区域性空气污染。从南部的北京到廊坊、保定、石家庄和邢台，冬季 SO 和 NO 排放量明显增加，这与该地区特殊的“准稳定”污染物输送带一致。所有上述结果表明，自适应“推斥”约束排放方法可能是特定季节空气污染控制的有效工具。
