Allemann Marco N, Allen Eric E
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
Methods Enzymol. 2018;605:3-32. doi: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.02.018. Epub 2018 Apr 6.
The long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA (22:6n-3) are widely recognized as beneficial to human health and development. Select lineages of cosmopolitan marine prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms synthesize these compounds via a unique fatty acid synthase/polyketide synthase mechanism that is distinct from the canonical desaturase/elongase-mediated pathway employed by the majority of eukaryotic single-cell microorganisms and metazoans. This "Pfa synthase" mechanism is highly efficient and has been co-opted for the large-scale industrial production of n-3 LC-PUFAs for commercial applications. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes containing this pathway can be readily isolated from marine environments and maintained in culture under laboratory conditions. Some strains are genetically tractable and have established methods for genetic modification. The discussion and methods presented here should be useful for the exploitation and optimization of n-3 LC-PUFA products from marine microorganisms.
长链ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（n-3 LC-PUFAs）二十碳五烯酸（EPA，20:5n-3）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA，22:6n-3）被广泛认为对人类健康和发育有益。一些世界性海洋原核和真核微生物谱系通过独特的脂肪酸合酶/聚酮合酶机制合成这些化合物，该机制不同于大多数真核单细胞微生物和后生动物所采用的经典去饱和酶/延长酶介导的途径。这种“Pfa合酶”机制效率很高，已被用于n-3 LC-PUFAs的大规模工业生产以用于商业应用。含有该途径的原核和真核微生物都可以很容易地从海洋环境中分离出来，并在实验室条件下进行培养。一些菌株具有遗传可操作性，并且已经建立了基因改造方法。本文介绍的讨论和方法应该有助于开发和优化来自海洋微生物的n-3 LC-PUFA产品。
