Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
Environ Pollut. 2018 Sep;240:963-972. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.066. Epub 2018 Jun 15.
Studies of source apportionment (SA) for particulate matter (PM) air pollution have enhanced understanding of dominant pollution sources and quantification of their contribution. Although there have been many SA studies in South Korea over the last two decades, few studies provided an integrated understanding of PM sources nationwide. The aim of this study was to summarize findings of PM SA studies of South Korea and to explore study characteristics.
We selected studies that estimated sources of PM and PM performed for 2000-2017 in South Korea using Positive Matrix Factorization and Chemical Mass Balance. We reclassified the original PM sources identified in each study into seven categories: motor vehicle, secondary aerosol, soil dust, biomass/field burning, combustion/industry, natural source, and others. These seven source categories were summarized by using frequency and contribution across four regions, defined by northwest, west, southeast, and southwest regions, by PM and PM. We also computed the population-weighted mean contribution of each source category. In addition, we compared study features including sampling design, sampling and lab analysis methods, chemical components, and the inclusion of Asian dust days.
In the 21 selected studies, all six PM studies identified motor vehicle, soil dust, and combustion/industry, while all 15 PM studies identified motor vehicle and soil dust. Different from the frequency, secondary aerosol produced a large contribution to both PM and PM. Motor vehicle contributed highly to both, whereas the contribution of combustion/industry was high for PM. The population-weighted mean contribution was the highest for the motor vehicle and secondary aerosol sources for both PM10 and PM2.5. However, these results were based on different subsets of chemical speciation data collected at a single sampling site, commonly in metropolitan areas, with short overlap and measured by different lab analysis methods.
We found that motor vehicle and secondary aerosol were the most common and influential sources for PM in South Korea. Our study, however, suggested a caution to understand SA findings from heterogeneous study features for study designs and input data.
颗粒物（PM）空气污染的来源解析（SA）研究提高了对主要污染源的认识，并量化了它们的贡献。尽管在过去二十年中，韩国进行了许多 SA 研究，但很少有研究能全面了解全国范围内的 PM 来源。本研究旨在总结韩国 PM SA 研究的结果，并探讨研究特征。
我们选择了 2000 年至 2017 年期间在韩国使用正矩阵因子分析和化学质量平衡法估算 PM 和 PM 源的研究。我们将每个研究中最初识别的 PM 源重新分类为七个类别：机动车、二次气溶胶、土壤尘埃、生物质/野外燃烧、燃烧/工业、自然源和其他。这七个源类别按西北、西、东南和西南四个地区的频率和贡献进行了总结，分别为 PM10 和 PM2.5。我们还计算了每个源类别的人口加权平均值。此外，我们比较了研究特征，包括采样设计、采样和实验室分析方法、化学组分以及亚洲沙尘日的纳入情况。
在 21 项选定的研究中，所有 6 项 PM 研究都确定了机动车、土壤尘埃和燃烧/工业，而所有 15 项 PM 研究都确定了机动车和土壤尘埃。与频率不同的是，二次气溶胶对 PM10 和 PM2.5 都产生了较大的贡献。机动车对两者的贡献都很高，而燃烧/工业的贡献对 PM 来说很高。人口加权平均值对 PM10 和 PM2.5 的机动车和二次气溶胶源最高。然而，这些结果是基于在单一采样点收集的不同子集的化学物质数据得出的，通常在大都市区，重叠时间短，并且使用不同的实验室分析方法进行测量。
我们发现，机动车和二次气溶胶是韩国 PM 最常见和最具影响力的来源。然而，我们的研究表明，由于研究设计和输入数据的异质性，在理解 SA 结果时需要谨慎。
