Fotakis Emmanouil A, Giantsis Ioannis A, Demir Samiye, Vontas John G, Chaskopoulou Alexandra
Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Lab, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
J Med Entomol. 2018 Aug 29;55(5):1225-1230. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjy066.
Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are primary vectors of leishmaniasis. Greece and Turkey are both endemic for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis and are widely affected by the disease. Measures commonly applied for controlling sand flies rely on the use of insecticides, predominantly pyrethroids. A worldwide problem associated with the intensive use of insecticides is the development of resistance. Scarce information is available regarding the resistance status in sand fly populations. Sand flies were collected from Greece (Thessaloniki, Peloponnese, Chios island) and Turkey (Sanliurfa) and analyzed for the presence and frequency of target-site knockdown resistance mutations on the voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc) gene. Five sand fly species were included in the analysis: Phlebotomus perfiliewi Parrot, Phlebotomus neglectus Tonnoir, Phlebotomus simici Nitzulescu, Phlebotomus tobbi Adler and Theodor, and Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli. Their Vgsc gene-domain II was analyzed for the presence of known pyrethroid resistance mutations. The mutation 1014F, associated with pyrethroid-resistant phenotypes, was detected in P. papatasi sand flies from Sanliurfa at an allele frequency of 48%. Homozygotes for the wild type allele 1014L (Leu/Leu) represented 36% of the population, while homozygotes for the resistant allele 1014F (Phe/Phe) and heterozygotes encompassing both alleles (Leu/Phe) each had a frequency of 32%. In all other sand fly species, only the wild type allele 1014L was detected. This is the first report for the detection of resistance mutations in the major leishmaniasis vector P. papatasi and is of major concern regarding leishmaniasis control.
白蛉（双翅目：毛蠓科）是利什曼病的主要传播媒介。希腊和土耳其均为内脏利什曼病和皮肤利什曼病的流行地区，且广泛受到该病影响。常用于控制白蛉的措施依赖于使用杀虫剂，主要是拟除虫菊酯类。与大量使用杀虫剂相关的一个全球性问题是抗药性的产生。关于白蛉种群抗药性状况的信息匮乏。从希腊（塞萨洛尼基、伯罗奔尼撒半岛、希俄斯岛）和土耳其（尚勒乌尔法）采集白蛉，并分析其电压门控钠通道（Vgsc）基因上靶位点击倒抗性突变的存在情况和频率。分析中纳入了五种白蛉：佩氏白蛉、疏忽白蛉、西氏白蛉、托氏白蛉和巴氏白蛉。分析了它们Vgsc基因的结构域II中已知拟除虫菊酯抗性突变的存在情况。在尚勒乌尔法的巴氏白蛉中检测到与拟除虫菊酯抗性表型相关的1014F突变，等位基因频率为48%。野生型等位基因1014L（Leu/Leu）的纯合子占种群的36%，而抗性等位基因1014F（Phe/Phe）的纯合子和包含两个等位基因的杂合子（Leu/Phe）频率均为32%。在所有其他白蛉物种中，仅检测到野生型等位基因1014L。这是首次报道在主要利什曼病传播媒介巴氏白蛉中检测到抗性突变，这对利什曼病的控制至关重要。
