Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Lab, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
Infect Dis Poverty. 2020 Mar 18;9(1):30. doi: 10.1186/s40249-020-0635-4.
As of 2015 thousands of refugees are being hosted in temporary refugee camps in Greece. Displaced populations, travelling and living under poor conditions with limited access to healthcare are at a high risk of exposure to vector borne disease (VBD). This study sought to evaluate the risk for VBD transmission within refugee camps in Greece by analyzing the mosquito and sand fly populations present, in light of designing effective and efficient context specific vector and disease control programs.
A vector/pathogen surveillance network targeting mosquitoes and sand flies was deployed in four temporary refugee camps in Greece. Sample collections were conducted bi-weekly during June-September 2017 with the use of Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps and oviposition traps. Using conventional and molecular diagnostic tools we investigated the mosquito/sand fly species composition, population dynamics, pathogen infection rates, and insecticide resistance status in the major vector species.
Important disease vectors including Anopheles sacharovi, Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus and the Leishmania vectors Phlebotomus neglectus, P. perfiliewi and P. tobbi were recorded in the study refugee camps. No mosquito pathogens (Plasmodium parasites, flaviviruses) were detected in the analysed samples yet high sand fly Leishmania infection rates are reported. Culex pipiens mosquitoes displayed relatively high knock down resistance (kdr) mutation allelic frequencies (ranging from 41.0 to 63.3%) while kdr mutations were also detected in Ae. albopictus populations, but not in Anopheles and sand fly specimens. No diflubenzuron (DFB) mutations were detected in any of the mosquito species analysed.
Important disease vectors and pathogens in vectors (Leishmania spp.) were recorded in the refugee camps indicating a situational risk factor for disease transmission. The Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus kdr mutation frequencies recorded pose a potential threat against the effectiveness of pyrethroid insecticides in these settings. In contrast, pyrethroids appear suitable for the control of Anopheles mosquitoes and sand flies and DFB for Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus larvicide applications. Targeted actions ensuring adequate living conditions and the establishment of integrated vector-borne disease surveillance programs in refugee settlements are essential for protecting refugee populations against VBDs.
截至 2015 年，数千名难民在希腊的临时难民营中避难。流离失所者在旅行和生活条件差、获得医疗保健的机会有限的情况下，面临着暴露于媒介传播疾病（VBD）的高风险。本研究旨在通过分析存在的蚊子和沙蝇种群，评估希腊难民营中 VBD 传播的风险，以便为制定有效的、有针对性的媒介和疾病控制计划提供依据。
在希腊的四个临时难民营中部署了一个针对蚊子和沙蝇的病原体监测网络。2017 年 6 月至 9 月期间，每两周进行一次样本采集，使用疾病控制中心（CDC）的诱蚊灯和诱卵器。我们使用常规和分子诊断工具，研究了主要媒介物种的蚊/蝇种组成、种群动态、病原体感染率和杀虫剂抗性状况。
在所研究的难民营中记录了重要的病媒，包括致倦库蚊、淡色库蚊、白纹伊蚊和利什曼原虫的传播媒介白蛉、柏氏白蛉和特氏白蛉。在分析的样本中未检测到蚊子病原体（疟原虫寄生虫、黄病毒），但报告了较高的沙蝇利什曼原虫感染率。致倦库蚊显示出相对较高的击倒抗性（kdr）突变等位基因频率（范围为 41.0%至 63.3%），而在白纹伊蚊种群中也检测到了 kdr 突变，但在按蚊和沙蝇标本中没有检测到。在分析的任何蚊子物种中都未检测到 diflubenzuron（DFB）突变。
在难民营中记录了重要的病媒和媒介中的病原体（利什曼原虫属），表明存在疾病传播的情况风险因素。记录的致倦库蚊和白纹伊蚊 kdr 突变频率对这些环境中拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的有效性构成潜在威胁。相比之下，拟除虫菊酯类药物似乎适合控制按蚊和沙蝇，DFB 则适合用于防治致倦库蚊和白纹伊蚊幼虫。在难民定居点采取有针对性的行动，确保适当的生活条件，并建立综合的媒介传播疾病监测计划，对于保护难民免受 VBD 至关重要。
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