Department of Genetic Engineering, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Radzikow, Blonie, Poland.
Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
PLoS One. 2018 Jun 19;13(6):e0199364. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199364. eCollection 2018.
GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE3/Shaggy-like kinases (GSKs) represent a highly conserved group of proteins found in all eukaryotes. In plants they are encoded by multigene families and integrate signaling of brassinosteroids, auxin and abscisic acid in wide range of physiological and developmental processes with a strong impact on plant responses to environmental and biotic factors. Based on comprehensively studied structures of 10 Arabidopsis thaliana GSK genes and encoded proteins we report identification and phylogenetic reconstruction of 7 transcriptionally active GSK genes in barley. We re-evaluated annotation of the GSK genes in the current barley genome (Hv_IBSC_PGSB_v2) and provided data that a single gene annotated in the previous barley genome ensemble should be retained in the current one. The novel structure of another GSK, predicted in Hv_IBSC_PGSB_v2 to encode both GSK and amine oxidase domains, was proposed and experimentally confirmed based on the syntenic region in Brachypodium distachyon. The genes were assigned to 4 groups based on their encoded amino acid sequences and protein kinase domains. The analysis confirmed high level of conservation of functional protein domains and motifs among plant GSKs and the identified barley orthologs. Each of the seven identified HvGSK genes was expressed indicating semi-constitutive regulation in all tested organs and developmental stages. Regulation patterns of GSKs from the indicated groups showed a shift in organ-preferential expression in A. thaliana and barley illustrating diversification of biological roles of individual HvGSKs in different plant species.
糖原合酶激酶 3/Shaggy 样激酶（GSKs）是一类高度保守的蛋白家族，存在于所有真核生物中。在植物中，它们由多基因家族编码，整合了油菜素内酯、生长素和脱落酸的信号转导，在广泛的生理和发育过程中发挥作用，对植物对环境和生物因素的反应有重要影响。基于对 10 个拟南芥 GSK 基因和编码蛋白的综合研究结构，我们在大麦中鉴定和系统发育重建了 7 个转录活性的 GSK 基因。我们重新评估了当前大麦基因组（Hv_IBSC_PGSB_v2）中 GSK 基因的注释，并提供了数据，表明在前一个大麦基因组中注释的单个基因应该保留在当前的基因组中。根据拟南芥的同源区在大麦中预测到的另一个 GSK 的新结构，预测它编码 GSK 和胺氧化酶结构域，该结构域被提出并基于在短柄草中的同源区实验得到了证实。根据它们编码的氨基酸序列和蛋白激酶结构域，将这些基因分为 4 组。分析证实了植物 GSK 中功能蛋白结构域和基序的高度保守性，以及鉴定出的大麦同源物。所鉴定的 7 个 HvGSK 基因中的每一个都有表达，表明在所有测试的器官和发育阶段都存在半组成型调控。所研究的基因家族的 GSKs 的调控模式在拟南芥和大麦中表现出器官偏好表达的变化，说明了个别 HvGSKs 在不同植物物种中的生物学作用的多样化。
