Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, U.S.A.
Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, U.S.A.
Clin Sci (Lond). 2018 Jun 20;132(11):1169-1177. doi: 10.1042/CS20171106. Print 2018 Jun 15.
Oral vaccines (OVs), provide protection against pathogens that infect mucosal surfaces and their potency relies on their capacity to elicit T- and B-cell responses directed to these surfaces. Oral vaccination efficacy has been found to vary considerably with differences in geographical locations and socioeconomic status. Specifically, in children living in resource-poor countries, undernourishment and chronic gastrointestinal (GI) infection are associated with the failure of OVs, which is a tragic outcome for the children who would benefit most from mucosal-based protection from infection. Both undernutrition and GI infection have been shown to profoundly affect the microbiota, inducing 'dysbiosis' characterized by narrowed bacterial diversity and increased frequency of bacterial clades associated with the induction of inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated that the microbiota exerts a profound effect on the development of mucosal immune responses. Therefore, it seems likely that OV failure in resource-poor regions is affected by alterations to the immune response driven by dysbiotic changes to the microbiota. Here, we review the contribution of the microbiota to OV efficacy in the context of diet and GI infection.
口服疫苗（OVs）可预防感染黏膜表面的病原体，其效力依赖于其诱导针对这些表面的 T 细胞和 B 细胞反应的能力。已经发现，口服疫苗的功效因地理位置和社会经济地位的差异而有很大差异。具体来说，在资源匮乏国家的儿童中，营养不良和慢性胃肠道（GI）感染与 OV 的失败有关，这对最需要从感染中获得黏膜保护的儿童来说是一个悲惨的结果。营养不良和 GI 感染都被证明会深刻地影响微生物群，诱导“生态失调”，其特征是细菌多样性变窄，与炎症诱导相关的细菌类群的频率增加。最近的研究表明，微生物群对黏膜免疫反应的发展有深远的影响。因此，资源匮乏地区的 OV 失败似乎受到由微生物群生态失调变化驱动的免疫反应改变的影响。在这里，我们综述了微生物群在饮食和 GI 感染背景下对 OV 功效的贡献。
