Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian Economics, V. Kudirkos g. 18, Vilnius 01113, Lithuania.
Social Innovation Research Centre, Research Institute, Šiauliai University, P. Višinskio str. 25, LT-77156 Šiauliai, Lithuania.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Nov 15;642:999-1007. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.140. Epub 2018 Jun 19.
Climate change policy confronts with many challenges and opportunities. Thus the aim of this study was to analyse the impact of gross domestic product (hereinafter GDP), trade, foreign direct investment (hereinafter FDI), energy efficiency (hereinafter EF) and renewable energy (hereinafter RE) consumption on greenhouse gas (hereinafter GHG) emissions in 1990-2013 and reveal the main challenges and opportunities of climate policy for which policy makers should take the most attention under different stages of economic development. The results showed that the economic growth significantly contributed to the increase of GHG emissions and remains the main challenge in all groups of countries. Analysing the trade impact on pollution, the results revealed that the growth of export (hereinafter EX) significantly reduced GHG emissions only in high income countries. However, the export remains a challenge in low income countries. FDI insignificantly determined the changes in GHG emissions in all groups of countries. Meanwhile, energy efficiency and share of renewable energy consumption are the main opportunities of climate change policy because they reduce the GHG emissions in all groups of countries. Thus, technological processes, the increase of energy efficiency and the shift from carbon to renewable energy sources are the main tools implementing the climate change policy in all countries despite the different stage of economic development.
气候变化政策面临着诸多挑战和机遇。因此，本研究旨在分析国内生产总值（以下简称 GDP）、贸易、外国直接投资（以下简称 FDI）、能源效率（以下简称 EF）和可再生能源（以下简称 RE）消费对 1990-2013 年温室气体（以下简称 GHG）排放的影响，并揭示在不同经济发展阶段，决策者应最关注的气候变化政策的主要挑战和机遇。结果表明，经济增长显著促进了 GHG 排放的增加，在所有国家群体中仍然是主要挑战。分析贸易对污染的影响，结果表明，出口（以下简称 EX）的增长仅在高收入国家显著减少了 GHG 排放。然而，出口在低收入国家仍然是一个挑战。FDI 对所有国家群体 GHG 排放的变化没有显著影响。与此同时，能源效率和可再生能源消费的份额是气候变化政策的主要机遇，因为它们减少了所有国家群体的 GHG 排放。因此，技术流程、能源效率的提高以及从碳向可再生能源的转变是所有国家实施气候变化政策的主要手段，尽管它们处于不同的经济发展阶段。
