Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
Sino-German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational Technology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China.
Adv Mater. 2018 Sep;30(38):e1707029. doi: 10.1002/adma.201707029. Epub 2018 Jun 21.
Self-organization in synthetic chemical systems is quickly developing into a powerful strategy for designing new functional materials. As self-organization requires the system to exist far from thermodynamic equilibrium, chemists have begun to go beyond the classical equilibrium self-assembly that is often applied in bottom-up supramolecular synthesis, and to learn about the surprising and unpredicted emergent properties of chemical systems that are characterized by a higher level of complexity and extended reactivity networks. The present review focuses on self-organization in reaction-diffusion systems. Selected examples show how the emergence of complex morphogenesis is feasible in synthetic systems leading to hierarchically and nanostructured matter. Starting from well-investigated oscillating reactions, recent developments extend diffusion-limited reactivity to supramolecular systems. The concept of dynamic instability is introduced and illustrated as an additional tool for the design of smart materials and actuators, with emphasis on the realization of motion even at the macroscopic scale. The formation of spatio-temporal patterns along diffusive chemical gradients is exploited as the main channel to realize symmetry breaking and therefore anisotropic and directional mechanical transformations. Finally, the interaction between external perturbations and chemical gradients is explored to give mechanistic insights in the design of materials responsive to external stimuli.
自组织在合成化学体系中迅速发展成为设计新型功能材料的有力策略。由于自组织要求系统存在于远离热力学平衡的状态，化学家们已经开始超越通常应用于自下而上的超分子合成的经典平衡自组装，去了解具有更高复杂性和扩展反应网络的化学系统的惊人的、不可预测的新兴特性。本综述重点介绍反应-扩散体系中的自组织。选定的例子表明，在导致分级和纳米结构物质的合成系统中，复杂形态发生的出现是可行的。从经过充分研究的振荡反应开始，最近的发展将扩散限制反应扩展到超分子体系。引入了动态不稳定性的概念，并将其作为设计智能材料和致动器的另一种工具进行了说明，重点是即使在宏观尺度上也能实现运动。沿着扩散化学梯度形成时空图案被用作打破对称性的主要途径，从而实现各向异性和定向机械转变。最后，探索了外部扰动和化学梯度之间的相互作用，以深入了解对外部刺激有响应的材料的设计中的机制。
