Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório de Transferência de Massa e Simulação Numérica de Sistemas Químicos (LABSIN-LABMASSA), Federal University of Santa Catarina, PO Box 476, CEP 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
Laboratório de Transferência de Massa e Simulação Numérica de Sistemas Químicos (LABSIN-LABMASSA), Federal University of Santa Catarina, PO Box 476, CEP 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Reactors and Industrial Process, University of Extremo Sul Catarinense, CEP 88806-000, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
J Environ Manage. 2018 Oct 1;223:215-253. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.086. Epub 2018 Jun 19.
The discharge of inadequately treated or untreated industrial wastewaters has greatly contributed to the release of contaminants into the environment, including toxic metals. Toxic metals are persistent and bioaccumulative, being their removal from wastewaters prior to release into water bodies of great concern. Literature reports the use of brown marine macroalgae for toxic metals removal from aqueous solutions as an economic and eco-friendly technique, even when applied to diluted solutions. Minor attention has been given to the application of this technique in the treatment of real wastewaters, which present a complex composition that can compromise the biosorption performance. Therefore, the main goal of this comprehensive review is to critically outline studies that: (i) applied brown marine macroalgae as natural cation exchanger for toxic metals removal from real and complex matrices; (ii) optimised the biosorption process in a fixed-bed column, which was further scaled-up to pilot plants. An overview of toxic metals sources, chemistry and toxicity, which are relevant aspects to understand and develop treatment techniques, is initially presented. The problem of water resources pollution by toxic metals and more specifically the participation of metal finishing industries in the environmental contamination are issues also covered. The current and potential decontamination methods are presented including a discussion of their advantages and drawbacks. The literature on biosorption was reviewed in detail, considering especially the ion exchange properties of cell wall constituents, such as alginate and fucoidan, and their role in metal sequestration. Besides that, a detailed description of biosorption process design, especially in continuous mode, and the application of mechanistic models is addressed.
未经处理或处理不当的工业废水排放极大地导致了污染物释放到环境中，包括有毒金属。有毒金属具有持久性和生物累积性，因此在将其排放到水体之前，必须将其从废水中去除，这一点非常重要。文献报道，使用棕色海洋大型藻类从水溶液中去除有毒金属是一种经济且环保的技术，即使应用于稀释溶液也是如此。这项技术在处理实际废水中的应用很少受到关注，因为实际废水的成分复杂，可能会影响生物吸附性能。因此，本综述的主要目标是批判性地概述以下研究：(i) 将棕色海洋大型藻类应用于从真实和复杂基质中去除有毒金属的天然阳离子交换剂；(ii) 在固定床柱中优化生物吸附过程，并进一步扩大到中试工厂。首先概述了有毒金属的来源、化学性质和毒性，这些都是理解和开发处理技术的相关方面。本文还涉及了有毒金属对水资源的污染问题，特别是金属加工行业对环境污染的参与问题。介绍了当前和潜在的脱污染方法，并讨论了它们的优缺点。详细回顾了生物吸附方面的文献，特别考虑了细胞壁成分（如藻酸盐和褐藻糖胶）的离子交换特性及其在金属螯合中的作用。此外，还详细描述了生物吸附过程设计，特别是连续模式下的设计，以及机械模型的应用。
