Rosenbaum Stacy, Gettler Lee T
Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; Davee Center for Epidemiology and Endocrinology, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, United States.
Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States; The Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States.
Physiol Behav. 2018 Sep 1;193(Pt A):12-24. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.027.
The diversity of competing frameworks for explaining the evolution of non-maternal care in mammals (Part I, this issue) reflects the vast range of behaviors and associated outcomes these theories attempt to subsume. Caretaking comprises a wide variety of behavioral domains, and is mediated by an equally large range of physiological systems. In Part II, we provide an overview of how non-maternal care in mammals is expressed, the ways in which it is regulated, and the many effects such care has on both recipients and caretakers. We also discuss the two primary ways in which closer integration of ultimate and proximate levels of explanation can be useful when addressing questions about non-maternal caretaking. Specifically, proximate mechanisms provide important functional clues, and are key to testing theory concerning evolutionary tradeoffs. Finally, we highlight a number of methodological and publication biases that currently shape the literature, which provide opportunities for knowledge advancement in this domain going forward. In this conclusion to our two-part introduction, we provide a broad survey of the behavior and physiology that the contributions to this special issue represent.
用于解释哺乳动物非母性照料行为进化的多种相互竞争的理论框架（本期第一部分）反映出这些理论试图涵盖的行为及相关结果范围极为广泛。照料行为包含多种多样的行为领域，并由同样广泛的生理系统介导。在第二部分中，我们概述了哺乳动物非母性照料行为的表现方式、调节方式，以及这种照料行为对接受者和照料者产生的诸多影响。我们还讨论了在探讨非母性照料行为相关问题时，将终极层面和近因层面的解释更紧密结合起来可能有用的两种主要方式。具体而言，近因机制提供了重要的功能线索，并且是检验有关进化权衡理论的关键。最后，我们强调了目前影响该领域文献的一些方法和出版方面的偏差，这些偏差为该领域未来的知识进步提供了机会。在我们这两部分引言的结论中，我们对本期特刊的诸多贡献所涉及的行为和生理学进行了广泛综述。
