Fabrication and characterization of silk microfiber-reinforced methacrylated gelatin hydrogel with turnable properties.

Despite considerable research effort, the natural hydrogels presently available for tissue engineering suffer from several major drawbacks, one of the significant issue is their poor mechanical strength which are unable to satisfy some mechanical requirements for successful outcomes. Herein, to mimic the composition and structure of the natural extracellular matrix, the micron-sized silk fibers obtained by alkaline hydrolysis were used as a reinforcement phase in a GelMA hydrogel, resulting in a material with significantly greater stiffness than pure GelMA hydrogel alone. In addition, the hydrogel demonstrated tunable compressive strength, swelling capacity, and degradation properties based on the silk fiber length. Experiments with cells indicated that MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts quickly adhered to and proliferated on the surface of the composite hydrogels, as revealed by FDA/PI staining and CCK-8 assays. In addition, various cellular responses, including cell adhesion, changes in cellular morphology and cell proliferation behavior, occurred on the composite hydrogel and varied with fiber length. Overall, this study introduces a series of fiber-reinforced, tunable composite hydrogels that could be useful for various tissue engineering applications.