Postgraduate Program in Environmental Quality, Feevale University, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, 93525-075, Brazil.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Aug;25(24):24150-24161. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-2505-1. Epub 2018 Jun 12.
This study aimed to assess the chemical composition of the rainwater in three areas of different environmental impact gradients in Southern Brazil using the receptor model EPA Positive Matrix Factorization (EPA PMF 5.0). The samples were collected in a bulk sampler, from October 2012 to August 2014, in three sampling sites along with the Sinos River Basin: Caraá, Taquara, and Campo Bom. The major ions NH, Na, K, Ca, Mg, F, Cl, NO, SO, and pH were analyzed, as well as identify the main emission sources. The most abundant cations and anions were Ca, Na, Cl, and SO, respectively. The mean pH value in the Sinos River Basin during the study period was 6.07 ± 0.49 (5.13-7.05), which suggests inputs of alkaline species into the atmosphere. The most important neutralizing agents of sulfuric and nitric acids in the Sinos River Basin are Ca (NF = 1.36) and NH (NF = 0.57). The source apportionment provided by the EPA PMF 5.0 resulted in four factors, which demonstrate the influence of anthropogenic and natural sources, in the form of (a) industry/combustion of fossil fuels (F and SO), (b) marine contribution (Na and Cl), (c) crustal contribution (K, Ca, and NO), and (d) agriculture/livestock (NH). Therefore, this study allows a more appropriate understanding of factors that contribute to rainwater chemical composition and also to possible changes in air quality.
本研究旨在使用 EPA 正向矩阵因子分析模型（EPA PMF 5.0）评估巴西南部三个具有不同环境影响梯度地区雨水的化学成分。样品于 2012 年 10 月至 2014 年 8 月使用批量采样器收集，采样地点位于伊瓜苏河流域：卡拉阿、塔夸拉和坎波博姆。分析了主要离子 NH、Na、K、Ca、Mg、F、Cl、NO、SO 和 pH 值，以及确定主要排放源。最丰富的阳离子和阴离子分别是 Ca、Na、Cl 和 SO。在研究期间，伊瓜苏河流域的平均 pH 值为 6.07±0.49（5.13-7.05），表明大气中碱性物质的输入。中和伊瓜苏河流域硫酸和硝酸的最重要的中和剂是 Ca（NF=1.36）和 NH（NF=0.57）。EPA PMF 5.0 提供的源分配结果得出了四个因子，这表明了人为和自然源的影响，分别为（a）工业/化石燃料燃烧（F 和 SO），（b）海洋贡献（Na 和 Cl），（c）地壳贡献（K、Ca 和 NO），和（d）农业/畜牧业（NH）。因此，本研究可以更深入地了解导致雨水化学成分变化的因素，以及空气质量可能发生的变化。
