Postgraduate Program in Environmental Quality, Feevale University, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, 93525-075, Brazil.
Institute of Exact and Technological Sciences, Feevale University, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS, 93525-075, Brazil.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Apr;27(11):12202-12214. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-07791-8. Epub 2020 Jan 27.
Clean air is essential for the maintenance of human life and environmental balance. The atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is one of the main air pollutants and is characterized by the heterogeneity of its composition, being able to accumulate numerous components, such as metallic elements, which contribute to increasing its toxicity. The objectives of this study were to assess of the air quality in two urban environments, to carry out the source apportionment of the metallic elements Al, Ba, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn in the PM and PM, and evaluate the toxicity of PM and PM water-soluble fractions using Lactuca sativa as bioindicator. The collection of PM and PM was performed using a dichotomous stacked filter unit (SFU) sampler. The source apportionment was carried out using the EPA PMF 5.0 receptor model and the toxicity tests followed the EPA Ecological Effects Test Guidelines OPPTS 850.4200: Seed Germination/Root Elongation Toxicity Test. The source apportionment demonstrated that vehicular and industrial emissions are the main anthropogenic sources contributing to the concentration of metallic elements to thePM and PM. The studied sites did not show statistically significant differences in terms of phytotoxicity to the Lactuca sativa seeds. Cd and Cu were identified as the main metallic elements which able to cause negative effects on seed germination and root elongation, respectively. The presence of cadmium and copper in the atmospheric particulate matter is one of the main causes of the phytotoxicity affecting the Lactuca sativa seed germination and root elongation.
清洁的空气对于维持人类生命和环境平衡至关重要。大气颗粒物（PM）是主要空气污染物之一，其特点是组成成分的异质性，能够积累众多成分，如金属元素，这有助于增加其毒性。本研究的目的是评估两个城市环境中的空气质量，对 PM 和 PM 中的 Al、Ba、Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr、Fe、Mn、Ni 和 Zn 等金属元素进行来源分配，并使用生菜作为生物指示剂评估 PM 和 PM 水溶性分数的毒性。PM 和 PM 的采集使用了二分堆叠滤器单元（SFU）采样器。源分配使用 EPA PMF 5.0 受体模型进行，毒性测试遵循 EPA 生态影响测试指南 OPPTS 850.4200：种子发芽/根伸长毒性测试。源分配表明，车辆和工业排放是导致 PM 和 PM 中金属元素浓度增加的主要人为来源。研究地点在生菜种子对毒性的表现上没有统计学上的显著差异。Cd 和 Cu 被确定为分别导致种子发芽和根伸长受到负面影响的主要金属元素。大气颗粒物中镉和铜的存在是影响生菜种子发芽和根伸长的植物毒性的主要原因之一。
