Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China.
Biomed Res Int. 2018 May 21;2018:1503126. doi: 10.1155/2018/1503126. eCollection 2018.
Biofuels produced from microalgal biomass have received growing worldwide recognition as promising alternatives to conventional petroleum-derived fuels. Among the processes involved, the downstream refinement process for the extraction of lipids from biomass greatly influences the sustainability and efficiency of the entire biofuel system. This review summarizes and compares the current techniques for the extraction and measurement of microalgal lipids, including the gravimetric methods using organic solvents, CO-based solvents, ionic liquids and switchable solvents, Nile red lipid visualization method, sulfo-phospho-vanillin method, and the thin-layer chromatography method. Each method has its own competitive advantages and disadvantages. For example, the organic solvents-based gravimetric method is mostly used and frequently employed as a reference standard to validate other methods, but it requires large amounts of samples and is time-consuming and expensive to recover solvents also with low selectivity towards desired products. The pretreatment approaches which aimed to disrupt cells and support subsequent lipid extraction through bead beating, microwave, ultrasonication, chemical methods, and enzymatic disruption are also introduced. Moreover, the principles and procedures for the production and quantification of fatty acids are finally described in detail, involving the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and their quantification and composition analysis by gas chromatography.
从微藻生物质中生产的生物燃料在全球范围内得到了越来越多的认可，被认为是传统石油衍生燃料的有前途的替代品。在涉及的过程中，从生物质中提取脂质的下游精炼过程极大地影响了整个生物燃料系统的可持续性和效率。本综述总结并比较了从微藻中提取和测量脂质的当前技术，包括使用有机溶剂、基于 CO 的溶剂、离子液体和可切换溶剂的重量法、尼罗红脂质可视化法、磺基-磷酸-香草醛法和薄层色谱法。每种方法都有其自身的优缺点。例如，基于有机溶剂的重量法是最常用的方法，并且经常被用作验证其他方法的参考标准，但它需要大量的样品，并且回收溶剂既费时又昂贵，而且对所需产物的选择性也较低。还介绍了旨在通过珠磨、微波、超声、化学方法和酶解来破坏细胞并支持随后的脂质提取的预处理方法。此外，还详细描述了脂肪酸的生产和定量的原理和程序，包括脂肪酸甲酯的制备以及通过气相色谱对其进行定量和组成分析。
