Guidelines on statistics for researchers using laboratory animals: the essentials.

There is growing concern that the omnipresence of flawed statistics and the deficient reproducibility that arises therefrom results in an unethical waste of animals in research. The present review aims at providing guidelines in biostatistics for researchers, based on observed frequent mistakes, misuses and misconceptions as well as on the specificities of animal experimentation. Twelve recommendations are formulated that cover sampling, sample size optimisation, choice of statistical tests, understanding p-values and reporting results. The objective is to expose important statistical issues that one should consider for the correct design, execution and reporting of experiments.