The Identification of Allergen-Derived T Cell Epitopes.

Type I allergy is a disease primarily mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) and T helper type 2 (Th2) cells. The role of Th2 and other T cell subsets in the pathology of allergic disease as well as induction of tolerance has become an area of intense research over the last decades. Studying allergen-specific T cells to gain a better understanding of their contribution to allergic pathology and how they are modulated by allergen-specific immunotherapy requires knowledge of the allergens targeted by these cells. Identification of T cell epitopes in allergy can be achieved by a variety of methods. In this chapter, we will focus on a technique named FluoroSpot, which relies on the detection of cytokines secreted by T cells in response to stimulation with an antigen (allergen), such as timothy grass (TG) extract or an allergen-derived peptide, for which the cell is specific. We will describe how to overcome the challenge of detecting rare, TG-specific, T cells that occur at low frequency in the blood by using an in vitro expansion culture and subsequent mapping of the precise T cell epitope using FluoroSpot.