U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225-0046, United States of America.
U.S. Geological Survey, 720 Gracern Rd, Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210-7651, United States of America.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Dec 1;643:651-673. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.150. Epub 2018 Jun 26.
Pharmaceuticals, hormones, pesticides, and other bioactive contaminants (BCs) are commonly detected in surface water and bed sediment in urban and suburban areas, but these contaminants are understudied in remote locations. In Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), Colorado, USA, BCs may threaten the reproductive success and survival of native aquatic species, benthic communities, and pelagic food webs. In 2012-2013, 67 water, 57 sediment, 63 fish, 10 frog, and 12 quality-control samples (8 water and 4 sediment) were collected from 20 sites in RMNP. Samples were analyzed for 369 parameters including 149 pharmaceuticals, 22 hormones, 137 pesticides, and 61 other chemicals or conditions to provide a representative assessment of BC occurrence within RMNP. Results indicate that BCs were detected in water and/or sediment from both remote and more accessible locations in RMNP. The most commonly detected BCs in water were caffeine, camphor, para-cresol, and DEET; and the most commonly detected BCs in sediment were indole, 3-methyl-1H-indole, para-cresol, and 2,6-dimethyl-naphthalene. Some detected contaminants, including carbaryl, caffeine, and oxycodone, are clearly attributable to direct local human input, whereas others may be transported into the park atmospherically (e.g., atrazine) or have local natural sources (e.g., para-cresol). One or more pharmaceuticals were detected in at least 1 sample from 15 of 20 sites. Most of the 29 detected pharmaceuticals are excreted primarily in human urine, not feces. Elevated net estrogenicity was observed in 18% of water samples, and elevated vitellogenin in blood was observed in 12% of male trout, both evidence of potential endocrine disruption. Hormone concentrations in sediment tended to be greater than concentrations in water. Most BCs were observed at concentrations below those not expected to pose adverse effects to aquatic life. Results indicate that even in remote locations aquatic wildlife can be exposed to pharmaceuticals, hormones, pesticides, and other bioactive contaminants.
药品、激素、农药和其他生物活性污染物 (BCs) 通常在城市和郊区的地表水和底泥中被检测到，但在偏远地区，这些污染物的研究较少。在美国科罗拉多州的落基山国家公园 (RMNP)，BCs 可能威胁到本地水生物种、底栖生物群落和浮游食物网的繁殖成功和生存。2012-2013 年，从 RMNP 的 20 个地点采集了 67 个水样、57 个底泥样、63 条鱼样、10 个蛙样和 12 个质量控制样（8 个水样和 4 个底泥样）。对这些样本进行了 369 项参数的分析，包括 149 种药品、22 种激素、137 种农药和 61 种其他化学物质或条件，以对 RMNP 内 BC 的存在进行代表性评估。结果表明，BCs 在 RMNP 的偏远和较易到达的地点的水和/或沉积物中均有检出。水中最常被检出的 BCs 是咖啡因、樟脑、对甲酚和避蚊胺；而底泥中最常被检出的 BCs 是吲哚、3-甲基-1H-吲哚、对甲酚和 2,6-二甲基萘。一些被检出的污染物，包括甲萘威、咖啡因和羟考酮，显然是直接由当地人类活动输入的，而其他污染物可能是通过大气传输进入公园的（如莠去津），或是具有当地的自然来源（如对甲酚）。在 20 个地点中的 15 个地点，至少有 1 个样本中检测到一种或多种药物。29 种被检出的药物中，大多数主要通过人类尿液排泄，而不是粪便。18%的水样中存在净雌激素活性升高，12%的雄性鳟鱼血液中存在卵黄蛋白原升高，这都表明可能存在内分泌干扰。沉积物中的激素浓度往往高于水中的浓度。大多数 BCs 的浓度低于预期对水生生物产生不利影响的浓度。结果表明，即使在偏远地区，水生野生动物也可能接触到药品、激素、农药和其他生物活性污染物。
