Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Healthc (Amst). 2018 Sep;6(3):191-196. doi: 10.1016/j.hjdsi.2018.06.003. Epub 2018 Jun 28.
Increasing pressure to improve health outcomes of populations with limited resources has prompted an emphasis on innovation. Design thinking has been proposed as a systematic approach to innovation in health, owing to its human-centred methodology that prioritises deep empathy for the end-users' desires, needs and challenges, which results in a better understanding of the problem in order to develop more comprehensive and effective solutions. A key feature of design thinking is stakeholder participation. If design thinking is going to be used as an approach to design and implement effective, equitable and sustainable health solutions, assessing stakeholder participation should be integrated into the process. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to i) provide an analysis of the literature on assessing stakeholder participation in health and ii) propose a framework based on the literature analysis that can be used to assess stakeholder participation during the design thinking process in health innovation. Drawing from participatory research in health, where stakeholder participation is recognised as a core principle that facilitates the implementation of solutions, we integrate stakeholder evaluation tools into the design thinking approach. We draw on an assessment framework that describes levels of stakeholder participation by their involvement in making decisions about their health. Using a 5-point continuum where the lower end represents the medical approach (professionals make all the decisions) and the upper end represents the community development approach (all stakeholders are key decision makers), we propose a modified assessment framework to evaluate stakeholder participation during the design thinking process. The modified framework provides a simple and practical tool to evaluate stakeholder participation. Stakeholders can rate their perceived level of participation, as well as that of the other stakeholders. Evaluation of participation in a design thinking project may be used to improve participation, and therefore the uptake and sustainability of innovations. The framework may also be used in design thinking beyond health applications.
在有限资源的情况下提高人口健康结果的压力促使人们更加重视创新。由于其以人为中心的方法，优先考虑对最终用户的愿望、需求和挑战进行深入的同理心，因此设计思维被认为是一种系统的健康创新方法，这导致对问题有了更好的理解，从而开发出更全面、更有效的解决方案。设计思维的一个关键特征是利益相关者的参与。如果设计思维要被用作设计和实施有效、公平和可持续的卫生解决方案的方法，那么评估利益相关者的参与应该纳入到这个过程中。因此，本综述的目的是：i）分析评估卫生利益相关者参与情况的文献；ii）根据文献分析提出一个框架，该框架可用于评估健康创新设计思维过程中的利益相关者参与情况。借鉴健康领域的参与式研究，其中利益相关者的参与被认为是促进解决方案实施的核心原则，我们将利益相关者评估工具整合到设计思维方法中。我们借鉴了一个评估框架，该框架通过利益相关者对自身健康决策的参与程度来描述利益相关者参与的程度。使用一个 5 点连续体，低端代表医疗方法（专业人员做出所有决策），高端代表社区发展方法（所有利益相关者都是关键决策者），我们提出了一个修改后的评估框架，用于评估设计思维过程中的利益相关者参与情况。修改后的框架提供了一个简单实用的工具来评估利益相关者的参与程度。利益相关者可以评估他们所感知的参与程度，以及其他利益相关者的参与程度。对设计思维项目参与情况的评估可用于提高参与度，从而提高创新的采用率和可持续性。该框架也可用于健康应用以外的设计思维。
