Zhao Li-Si, Yu Rui-Lian, Xu Ling-Ling, Hu Gong-Ren, Wu Xin, Chen Yan-Ting
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2017 Oct 8;38(10):4061-4070. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201702060.
To determine the spatial-temporal distributions and potential sources of metals in PM and assess health risks from heavy metals, 348 PM samples were collected in the Haicang District of Xiamen, China from April 2015 to January 2016. Metals (K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Cu, Fe, Ti, As, V, Mn, Ba, Co) in PM were detected using an X-ray fluorescence analyzer (XRF). Pollution assessment was performed via enrichment factor calculation and health risk assessment. Potential sources were explored using Pearson's correlation coefficient, principal component analysis, and the HYSPLIT Trajectory Model. Results showed that the total concentration of 14 metal elements contributed to 5.4%-10.6% of PM during the sampling period. The total concentration of metals was higher in spring and winter than those in summer and autumn. The concentrations were higher in the port and the industrial areas than in residential areas and background locations, in agreement with the seasonal and spatial distribution of PM. The frequency of PM daily concentrations exceeding the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards was higher in the port and residential areas in the summer due to operations at the port and the wind direction. Zn concentration was the highest in the industrial area followed by the background location. Meanwhile, the highest concentration of V was observed in the port area; V concentration in the residential area was high in the summer. These variations in Zn and V indicated that the elements emitted in the polluted areas migrated easily to residential and background areas. K concentrations were the highest in winter and As showed a higher rate of exceeding the standard in winter and spring, indicating that activities, such as biomass burning and coal combustion in the winter severely impacted air quality. The enrichment factors of Cu, Zn, As, Co, Na, and Mn varied considerably, from 67 to 8,449. The total risk level for non-carcinogenic heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mn) was lower than the average level of risk acceptance (1×10 a) and Mn contributed 74%-88% of the total risk level of Zn, Cu, and Mn. The combined results of the correlation analysis and the principal component analysis revealed that metals in PM were mainly came from re-suspension of ground dust, motor vehicle emissions, coal combustion, industrial emissions, and heavy oil combustion, with contributions of 34.5%, 12.5%, 10.6%, and 7.8% respectively. The HYSPLIT Trajectory Model showed that Xiamen was affected by the local air mass in spring, autumn, and winter, but not in summer. Moreover, the rise of PM in spring and winter was attributed to air masses traveling through the Yangtze River Delta.
为确定细颗粒物（PM）中金属的时空分布及潜在来源，并评估重金属的健康风险，于2015年4月至2016年1月在中国厦门海沧区采集了348个PM样本。使用X射线荧光分析仪（XRF）检测PM中的金属（钾、钙、钠、镁、铝、锌、铜、铁、钛、砷、钒、锰、钡、钴）。通过富集因子计算进行污染评估，并进行健康风险评估。利用皮尔逊相关系数、主成分分析和HYSPLIT轨迹模型探索潜在来源。结果表明，在采样期间，14种金属元素的总浓度占PM的5.4% - 10.6%。金属总浓度在春季和冬季高于夏季和秋季。港口和工业区的浓度高于居民区和背景点，这与PM的季节和空间分布一致。由于港口作业和风向，夏季港口和居民区PM日浓度超过中国环境空气质量标准的频率较高。锌浓度在工业区最高，其次是背景点。同时，港口区域钒浓度最高；夏季居民区钒浓度较高。锌和钒的这些变化表明，污染区域排放的元素容易迁移到居民区和背景区域。钾浓度在冬季最高，砷在冬季和春季超标率较高，表明冬季生物质燃烧和煤炭燃烧等活动严重影响空气质量。铜、锌、砷、钴、钠和锰的富集因子变化很大，从67到8449。非致癌重金属（锌、铜、锰）的总风险水平低于风险接受平均水平（1×10⁻⁶），锰占锌、铜和锰总风险水平的74% - 88%。相关分析和主成分分析的综合结果表明，PM中的金属主要来自地面扬尘再悬浮、机动车排放、煤炭燃烧、工业排放和重油燃烧，贡献率分别为34.5%、12.5%、10.6%和7.8%。HYSPLIT轨迹模型表明，厦门在春季、秋季和冬季受本地气团影响，但夏季不受影响。此外，春季和冬季PM的升高归因于经过长江三角洲的气团。
