Faculty of Sports Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan.
Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
Sci Rep. 2018 Jul 4;8(1):10135. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28410-0.
Previous research has demonstrated that barely visible (subliminal) goal-priming with motivational reward can alter the state of the motor system and enhance motor output. Research shows that these affective-motivational effects result from associations between goal representations and positive affect without conscious awareness. Here, we tested whether motivational priming can increase motor output even if the priming is fully visible (supraliminal), and whether the priming effect occurs through increased cortical excitability. Groups of participants were primed with either barely visible or fully visible words related to effort and control sequences of random letters that were each followed by fully visible positively reinforcing words. The priming effect was measured behaviourally by handgrip force and reaction time to the grip cue after the priming was complete. Physiologically, the effects were measured by pupil dilation and motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in response to transcranial magnetic stimulation during the priming task. Analysis showed that for both the supraliminal and subliminal conditions, reaction time decreased and total force, MEP magnitude, and pupil dilation increased. None of the priming-induced changes in behaviour or physiology differed significantly between the supraliminal and the subliminal groups, indicating that implicit motivation towards motor goals might not require conscious perception of the goals.
先前的研究表明，通过动机奖励对几乎不可见的（潜意识）目标进行启动，可以改变运动系统的状态并增强运动输出。研究表明，这些情感动机效应源自目标表示与积极情绪之间的关联，而无需有意识的感知。在这里，我们测试了即使启动是完全可见的（超阈限），动机启动是否可以增加运动输出，以及启动效应是否是通过增加皮质兴奋性来实现的。参与者的小组分别接受了与努力和控制相关的几乎不可见或完全可见的单词的启动，这些单词后面跟着完全可见的积极强化单词。启动完成后，通过握力和对握力提示的反应时间来测量启动的行为效果。生理上，通过瞳孔扩张和对经颅磁刺激的运动诱发电位（MEP）来测量启动任务期间的效果。分析表明，对于超阈限和阈下条件，反应时间均减少，总力，MEP 幅度和瞳孔扩张均增加。在行为或生理学方面，超阈限组和阈下组之间的任何启动引起的变化均无显着差异，这表明对运动目标的内隐动机可能不需要对目标的有意识感知。
