The competence-supportive and competence-thwarting role of athlete leaders: An experimental test in a soccer context.

The aim of this experiment was to study the growth-promoting and adverse impact of athlete leaders' competence-supportive and-thwarting behavior on the motivation and performance of team members. Male soccer players (N = 144; MAge = 14.2) were allocated to ad-hoc teams of five soccer players. These teams participated in two sessions, being randomly exposed to an athlete leader who acted either competence-supportive, competence-thwarting, or neutral during the second session. When the athlete leader was competence-supportive (versus competence-thwarting), his teammates' intrinsic motivation and performance increased (versus decreased) compared with the control condition. The leader's impact on intrinsic motivation was fully accounted for by team members' competence satisfaction. These findings recommend coaches to invest in the competence-supportive power of their athlete leaders to establish an optimally motivating and performance-enhancing team environment.