Identification of an Alternatively Spliced α-Synuclein Isoform That Generates a 41-Amino Acid N-Terminal Truncated Peptide, 41-syn: Role in Dopamine Homeostasis.

The presynaptic protein, α-synuclein (α-syn), has been shown to play a crucial role in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). The three major domains of α-syn protein were shown to govern its membrane interaction, protein fibrillation, and chaperone activity. So far, four different alternatively spliced isoforms of α-syn, which lack either exon 3 (syn-126) or exon 5 (syn-112) or both (syn-98) resulting in altered function of the proteins, have been identified. In the present study, we have identified the smallest isoform of α-syn due to the skipping of exons 3 and 4 generating a 238 bp transcript. Due to the presence of a premature stop codon, the 238 bp transcript generated a 41 aa N-terminal peptide instead of the 78 aa protein, which is secreted into the extracellular medium when overexpressed in cells. The presence of 41-syn was initially noticed in the substantia nigra of PD autopsy tissues, as well as in cells undergoing oxidative stress. In vitro studies inferred that 41-syn neither aggregates nor alters the aggregation propensity of either WT or 112-syn. Overexpression of 41-syn or treatment of cells with 41-syn peptide did not affect cell viability. However, PC-12 cells treated with 41-syn exhibited a time and dose dependent enhancement in the cellular uptake of dopamine. Based on the physiological role of the N-terminal region of α-syn in modulating membrane trafficking events, we believe that the identification of 41-syn may provide novel impetus in unraveling the physiological basis of alternative splicing events in governing PD pathophysiology.