Borage () is available as plant parts such as the leaf and flower and borage seed oil. Borage plant parts contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids that are toxic to the liver and lungs and possibly carcinogenic. These alkaloids might be excreted into breastmilk.[1] Borage plant parts have been used as a mild diuretic, expectorant, to induce sweating, and in proprietary mixtures promoted to increase milk supply;[2,3] however, no scientifically valid clinical trials support this use. Galactogogues should never replace evaluation and counseling on modifiable factors that affect milk production.[4,5] Products containing other plant parts such as leaves should be avoided.[3] Borage seed oil contains high concentrations of gamma-linolenic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid, and possibly small amounts of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Supplementation of nursing mothers with borage seed oil increases the breastmilk content of gamma-linolenic acid and dihomo-gamma-linoleic acid, but not arachidonic acid. Borage seed oil is generally well tolerated in adults; however, only products certified as pyrrolizidine alkaloid free should be used. Heating breastmilk to 63.5 degrees C reduces the concentration of linolenic acid by about 22%. Freezing milk at -20 degrees C and thawing more than once decreases linolenic acid concentration by an average of 63%.[6] Dietary supplements do not require extensive pre-marketing approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Manufacturers are responsible to ensure the safety, but do not need to the safety and effectiveness of dietary supplements before they are marketed. Dietary supplements may contain multiple ingredients, and differences are often found between labeled and actual ingredients or their amounts. A manufacturer may contract with an independent organization to verify the quality of a product or its ingredients, but that does certify the safety or effectiveness of a product. Because of the above issues, clinical testing results on one product may not be applicable to other products. More detailed information about dietary supplements is available elsewhere on the LactMed Web site.
琉璃苣（Borago officinalis）可作为植物部分，如叶子、花朵以及琉璃苣籽油获取。琉璃苣的植物部分含有对肝脏和肺部有毒且可能致癌的吡咯里西啶生物碱。这些生物碱可能会排泄到母乳中。[1] 琉璃苣的植物部分曾被用作温和的利尿剂、祛痰剂、发汗剂，并且在一些专利混合物中被推广用于增加乳汁分泌；[2,3] 然而，没有科学有效的临床试验支持这种用途。催乳剂绝不应取代对影响乳汁分泌的可改变因素的评估和咨询。[4,5] 应避免使用含有其他植物部分（如叶子）的产品。[3] 琉璃苣籽油含有高浓度的γ-亚麻酸（一种ω-6脂肪酸），可能还含有少量的吡咯里西啶生物碱。哺乳期母亲补充琉璃苣籽油会增加母乳中γ-亚麻酸和二高-γ-亚麻酸的含量，但不会增加花生四烯酸的含量。琉璃苣籽油在成年人中通常耐受性良好；然而，应仅使用经认证不含吡咯里西啶生物碱的产品。将母乳加热到63.5摄氏度会使亚麻酸浓度降低约22%。在-20摄氏度下冷冻母乳并解冻多次会使亚麻酸浓度平均降低63%。[6] 膳食补充剂不需要美国食品药品监督管理局进行广泛的上市前批准。制造商有责任确保安全，但在膳食补充剂上市前不需要证明其安全性和有效性。膳食补充剂可能含有多种成分，并且标签上的成分及其含量与实际成分之间往往存在差异。制造商可能会与独立组织签约以验证产品或其成分的质量，但这并不能证明产品的安全性或有效性。由于上述问题，一种产品的临床试验结果可能不适用于其他产品。有关膳食补充剂的更详细信息可在LactMed网站的其他地方获取。
Zotero 插件